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Being economical has increased utilization of stabilization ponds to remove different contaminants from wastewater in proper weather conditions. Our current study investigates variations of nitrogen and phosphorous compound concentrations in effluent of wastewater stabilization ponds. 60 samples were taken from raw wastewater, anaerobic pond (AP) effluent, primary and secondary facultative ponds (PFP and SFP), and effluent of final ponds in weekly intervals for 3 months. Samples were examined based on standard methods (20th edition) for the examination of water and wastewater. Nitrogen kjeldahl removal output due to the AP, PFP, SFP, and the whole system were 20.6±4.9, 6.6±3.4, 13.4±9.5, and 47.7±9.1%, respectively. Nitrite removal output due to the PFP, SFP, and the whole system were 30.1±8.8, 36.3±9.8, and 58.8±5.2%, respectively. Respective values for phosphor removal output in AP and SFP, and the whole system were 21.8±10.3%, 13.3±10.1%, and 20.9±17.1%. However, nitrite concentrations in all samples from AP effluent and phosphor levels in all samples from PFP effluent increased compared with those of influent. The results showed that AP plays an important role in removal of organic nitrogen and phosphorous compounds. While the whole system output in nitrogen compound removal was 58.8±5.2%, phosphor removal output showed low efficiency (20.9±17.1%). Increasing the number of complete ponds is suggested for increasing phosphor removal efficiency.
The aim of the research was to determine changes in the chemical composition in lupin seeds during seed germination in a solution containing selected nitrogen compounds. Blue lupin seeds of the Neptun cultivar were germinated for 3 or 4 days in darkness, at 24°C in 1% solutions containing the following nitrogen compounds: urea, nitric acid, ammonium sulphate, methionine or yeast extract. The control consisted of seeds germinated in water. The presence of all nitrogen sources has resulted in a poorer growth of the sprouts as compared to seeds germinated in water. There was a significant increase in the true protein content as well as a significant decrease in the content of crude ash and alkaloids in the germinated seeds. The seeds germinated for 4 days had significantly higher total protein content and significantly lower content of nitrogen-free extract compounds and oligosaccharides as compared to the seeds germinated for 3 days. A significant influence of the nitrogen source on the concentration of some amino acids was found. Cystine was found to be absent in seeds germinated in the nitric acid solution, while there occurred a twofold increase in the cystine content and a fivefold increase in the methionine content in seeds germinated in the aqueous solution of methionine and an 50% increase in the cystine concentration was observed in seeds germinated in the yeast extract and ammonium sulphate solution. Methionine and cystine were the limiting amino acids in all the samples, accept of seeds germinated in the methionine solution were it was valine. Aqueous solutions of ammonium sulphate and yeast extract were found to have the most advantageous influence on the chemical composition of lupin germination products.
Badania przeprowadzone w latach 1990-2000 obejmowały wybrane cechy jakościowe wód kąpielisk (Zespołu Szkół Technicznych, Dzikiej Plaży, Szyjki, Skoczni) jeziora Olecko Wielkie. Średnie stężenie amoniaku i azotu azotynowego w badanych latach malało zarówno wiosną, jak i latem. Natomiast azotu azotanowego malało tylko wiosną, a w czasie lata miało tendencję wzrostową. W okresie wiosennym średnie zawartości amoniaku, azotu azotanowego i tlenu rozpuszczonego były w porównaniu do okresu letniego wyższe. Natomiast azot azotynowy występował w nieznacznie wyższych stężeniach latem. Współczynniki korelacji prostej między zawartością tlenu rozpuszczonego a zawartością azotu amonowego wahały się od 0,32 do -0,62, azotu azotanowego od 0,25 do -0,54, azotu azotynowego od -0,07 do -0,71.
The level of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, nitrates (NO₃⁻) and nitrites (NO₂⁻) was measured in the leaves of kale of the cultivars Winterbor F₁, Redbor F₁ and Średnio Wysoki Zielony Kędzierzawy. The investigation was carried out in two successive years, the raw material being harvested three times each year, i.e. 10, 14 and 18 weeks after planting seedlings in the field. Depending on the year of the investigation, the cultivar and the date of harvest, the content found in 100 g fresh matter of kale was: 0.54-0.74 g total nitrogen and 0.46-0.50 g protein nitrogen; in 1000 g the content of nitrates (NO₃⁻) was 248-2810 mg and of nitrites (NO₂⁻) 0.14-0.95 mg. In both years the highest content of total nitrogen was found in leaves of Średnio Wysoki Zielony Kędzierzawy and of protein nitrogen in Winterbor F₁. The cultivar Redbor F₁ was characterized by the highest content of nitrates and nitrites. Comparing material from the three harvest dates, average values for the year and cultivar showed that the second harvest contained 9% more total nitrogen and 4% more protein nitrogen than the first, while the third harvest contained, respectively, 17% and 8% more than the first. Nitrate content fell by 67% and 83%, respectively, and nitrite increased by 5% (but later was reduced by 46%). Nitrate and nitrite are regulated in spinach and lettuce and for this reason understanding the accumulation of these compounds is critical if regulations are developed for kale.
Soil microorganisms play an important role in the organic matter transformation process. The soil microorganisms also are in symbiotic relationship with plants. At the same time, soil microorganisms are sensitive to both anthropogenic and natural habitat changes. Particular characteristics of organic matter (the C:N relation, pH, the content the content of assimilated nutrients, the xenobiotics etc.) modify the biotic conditions of the soils. This particularly concerns the microorganisms which carry out the changes in the mineral and organic nitrogen compounds and the transformation of the external organic matter. The first aim of this work was to assess the influence of the sewage sediments and the manure on the phytosanitary potential of the soil environment. The second aim of this article was to estimate the number and activity of microorganisms which carry out the transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds. This work showed the stimulating effect of the external organic matter both on the number and on the activity of most of the physiological groups. The manure mainly stimulated ammonificators, amylolitic microorganisms and Azotobacter sp. The sewage sediments mainly stimulated ammonificators, nitrifiers of I phase and cellulolytic microorganisms. The statistically significant impact of the physio-chemical soil habitat on the biological activity of the analyzed groups of microbes was also noted.
There were showed influence of the points (local and city reception basin outflow) and the areas (recreation area and wasteland) differentiation of pollution sources on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in water of Mały Jeziorak Lake. There were analyzed NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, NH₄⁺, total P and PO₄⁻³ content. Results of the studies were indicated that the most components concentration was low in I class of water cleanliness. There was more ammonium and nitrate nitrogen content near the recreation area and more nitrate nitrogen content in spring and summer time near the dairy outflow. Moreover, higher total phosphorus content but not more than in I class of water cleanliness norm were in the lake water with village rain outflow and near the recreation area and, phosphates content in II class water cleanliness in spring time near the recreation area.
The aim of the work presented was to determine the chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation in Clematis pitcheri shoots cultured in vitro at different temperatures on the medium with various sucrose and nitrogen level. Two concentrations of sucrose: 10 g-l-1 and 30 gT1, and two levels of nitrogen compounds: 100% and 50% of standard MS strength, were used. Shoots were cultured at 15°C, 20°C and 25°C. It was found that plantlets of C. pitcheri grown at 20°C contained the highest and at 15°C the lowest content of chlorophyll. The sucrose concentration in the medium had no or only a slight effect. Lower level of nitrogen compounds (50% N) stimulated accumulation of chlorophyll in shoots as compared to a normal strength (100% N), with the highest differences at 15°C. High sucrose (30 g-l-1) and nitrogen (100% N) concentrations and low temperature (15°C) significantly promoted anthocyanins accumulation. Reduction of nitrogen compounds level in the medium to 50% and lowering sucrose concentration to 10 gT1 leads to decrease of anthocyanins accumulation in the shoots cultured at 15°C and 20°C. In the case of explants cultured at 25°C, the sucrose and nitrogen concentration in the medium had no or only a slight effect on accumulation of anthocyanins in the shoots.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of zeolite and bentonite on the ammonium adsorption at different temperatures. In this research three trial groups with 3 repetitions were created for three different water temperatures (18±0.1°C, 24±0.0°C, 27±0.0°C). Experimental groups were prepared by adding NH4 + amount of 10.5 mg/l in 2 liters of water. After that, zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite were added into the bottles as 10 gram per liter. Water temperature, pH and TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) values were determined during the trial period. At the end of trial TAN values at 27 °C were recorded as 10.103±0.11 mg/l, 9.227±0.13 mg/l and 7.933±0.17 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 24 °C were recorded as 10.027±0.17 mg/l, 9.282±0.15 mg/l and 8.336±0.15 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 18 °C were recorded as 9.012±0.28 mg/l, 7.702±0.14 mg/l and 6.594±0.14 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. Maximum ammonium removal capacity, qe, was found to be 0.50 mg/g in the bentonite (18 °C). The TAN values determined at 18 °C were statistically more significant (p<0.05) than the TAN values obtained at 24 °C and 27 °C.
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