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Neuropathic pain constitutes a serious therapeutic problem. In most cases polytherapy is necessary. Tramadol and antidepressants have common mechanisms of action and are frequently used together in clinical practice, thus interaction between them is very important. In the present study isobolographic analysis for equivalent doses of drugs was applied to examine the nature of interaction between tramadol and doxepin or venlafaxine in a neuropathic pain model in rats. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were assessed after intraperitoneal administration of each drug alone or in combination. Dose response curves were obtained and ED50 doses were calculated. All drugs were effective in reducing thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, however doxepin was more effective than venlafaxine. Combined administration of tramadol and doxepin demonstrated synergistic action in reducing thermal hyperalgesia and additive action in reducing mechanical allodynia. Combined administration of tramadol and venlafaxine showed additive action in reducing hyperalgesia and allodynia. Moreover, combined administration of tramadol and doxepin was more effective than combined administration of tramadol and venlafaxine. The experiments demonstrated that the nature of interaction between tramadol and doxepin is synergistic, which is not the case for tramadol and venlafaxine, what provides a valuable information referring to clinical practice, rationalizing administration of such drug combination.
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Comparison of gene expression profiles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain

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Molecular mechanisms underlying the differences between chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain are still poorly understood. Identifying those differences should provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying features unique for neuropathic pain, such as allodynia. We have performed screening for differentially expressed genes in the spinal cord in the rat models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Using BD Atlas Rat 4K arrays we found several differences in expression of secretion-related genes between inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Development of the latter was characterized by up-regulated expression of genes associated with immune response and microglia activation and also, to a lesser extent, with cytoskeleton rearrangement. The relative increase in abundance of four genes, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), chemokine-like receptor 1 was confirmed by reverse transcription Real-Time PCR (qPCR) validation in the spinal cord in neuropathic pain. Levels of transcripts corresponding to ICAM-1 and TIMP-1 were also increased in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of neuropathic rats. Our data point at the importance of immune response- and microglia activation-related genes in the development of chronic neuropathic pain, and suggest that expression of CGRP gene in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord could be involved in persistence of its symptoms.
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