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The manuscript printed below has been written by Prof Jerzy Konorski around 1970, a few years before his death in 1973. The manuscript has not been published before. It was recently discovered in Konorski's papers deposed in the Library of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology. In his critical review Konorski debates advantages and shortcomings of the physiological approach of Pavlov and purely behavioristic approaches advocated by Hull and Skinner. He supports close cooperation o behaviorists with neurophysiologists and neuroanatomists, with focus on the investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Konorski's ideas concerning the integration of the study of behavior and neurophysiology anticipated contemporary path of neuroscience. Indeed, his approach, which at that time appeared somewhat controversial, is universally accepted by contemporary neuroscientists. By contrast, physiological theories of higher mental functions formulated by Pavlov as well as deliberately anti-physiological approaches of Skinner and Hull have all but disappeared from serious scientific discourse. However, the same problems such as strongly promoted self-importance of some branches of neuroscience, the lack of inter-communication between different branches and resulting lack of integrating ideas appear to emerge anew in each new generation of scientists. (Editors of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis).
The present paper studies the perceived orientation of line patterns with variable elongation, line length, orientation jitter, and presentation time. It evaluates whether the internal noise and sampling efficiency evaluated by equivalent noise paradigm (Pelli 1981) depend on the spatial configuration and temporal characteristics of the stimulation. The evaluated internal noise was compared to the results of double-pass noise estimation. In addition, the eye movements of the participants during active exploration of the line patterns were recorded and analyzed with respect to the stimulus characteristics. The results indicate the presence of late internal noise and show that the internal noise and sampling efficiency strongly depend on the elongation, duration and line length of the patterns. The response time increases with the orientation jitter and with the variability in line length of the patterns. It is longer also near the reference orientation for the low levels of added external noise. These results contradict some of the major assumptions of the variance-summation model and question its applicability in characterizing the perceived orientation of multi-element patterns.
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