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In search of a negotiation paradigm

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To date, the interest in negotiations has concerned, first of all, a sphere of practical activity. The notion of “negotiations” also means a science. This article attempts to define the stage of its development. With this aim in view, Kuhn’s concept of a paradigm has been referred to, which is regarded as a central category used in the evaluation of the development of science. The article involves a critical analysis of previous attempts to define a paradigm of negotiations, proving that science of negotiations is still in its pre-paradigmatic phase. It discusses dilemmas and challenges which it faces at the current stage of its development.
The article discusses the issue of negotiations. Its author presents definitions and basic conditions governing the course of negotiations, and characterizes the strategy applied in the agreement reaching process. Additionally, the article depicts key rules of negotiations based on the essence and the course of the very process of negotiations. The author underlines the importance of the development of a negotiation strategy, which should account for an alternative taken into consideration in the absence of agreement and pays attention to the most essential factors, which help to reach the negotiations’ objective.
The article discusses the issues connected with the EU entering and conducting negotiations with the US on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. These issues relate to institutional risk due to the necessity to change the agricultural policy statement of the parties and to implement new legal instruments or amend those that already exist. The article aims at analysing the proposed organisational and legal solutions relating to agriculture in the face of negotiations of the contents of the partnership. It also intends to indicate essential diff erences between the parties relating to agriculture and food production, to determine the direction of amendments in the event of joining the partnership, and to assess its potential consequences from the perspective of EU agricultural producers and food consumers.
The GATT agreement was the first to include agriculture and to cover both border protection and domestic and export subsidies for agricultural products. The round completed successfully in 1994. The subsequent Doha or Development round aimed at furthering progress launched in GATT has not been so successful. This paper explores why the Doha round has been difficult and why it now appears there will not be a meaningful agreement. Developing countries are much more numerous today in WTO, and they insist on an agreement to better their situation. Agricultural subsidies are still a major impasse between rich and poor countries. The absence of the industrial sector to balance agriculture also is an impediment. Furthermore, bilateral and regional agreements have made much more progress and provide many of the gains that might eventually come from a multilateral agreement. Recent work has concluded that domestic reforms are key to achieving the gains of any trade agreement, and they will be essential for Poland to capture the gains from EU membership.
This article aims at presenting the agricultural aspect of ongoing negotiations in the scoupe of the Doha Round. In this paper are set out interests and positions of the most important groups of countries in WTO and key pillars of agriculture negotiations.
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