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γ-Lactones are well known organic compounds. They can be isolated from many different plants, e.g. from Asteraceae (Compositae) family. They are used as active ingredients of various medicinal herbs and exhibit a variety of biological activities, i.e. antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and others. Among described compounds vernolide (7) is characterized by high antimicrobial activity; epoxy compounds like glaucolide (13) and hirsutinolide (24, 25, 26) possess high anticancer activity. Other noteworthy γ-lactone is vernopicrin (14) that shows antimalarial activity. Some of the γ-lactones possess interesting aromatic and flavon properties, which make them desirable ingredients in perfumery and food industry. Further studies to determine relationship between properties and complex composition are caused by diversity of structures and potential activities of γ-lactones. It can be used to design new analogues with interesting pharmacological, flavon and olfactory properties. This paper reviews selected studies concerning γ-lactones and their various biological activities.
The present review deals with the bioactive compounds of the marine non-chordates. The potent medicinal usage of the bioactive compounds viz. steroids, terpenoids, isoprenoid and non-isoprenoid compounds, quinones, brominated compounds, nitrogen heterocyclics and nitrogen-sulphur heterocyclics from marine non-chordates have been compiled. Various literatures survey revealed that the bioactive compounds isolated in recent past from the marine poriferans, cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms could be rich sources of therapeutic agents having antibacterial, antiinflamatory, anticarcinogenic properties. In overall, the present study will be benefitted to know global drug discovery researches on bioactive compounds from marine organisms for students, scholars, scientists, pharmaceutical sector, and government regulating authorities as new challenging technology in clinical applications through medicines.
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Twenty five years of azadirachtins (1986-2011)

72%
Azadirachtins are known as phagorepellent natural products from seeds of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), which impede the development of larval insects and sterilize adults. The labors of the past three decades ultimatively lead to a chemical structure, which has been unanimously but independently elaborated by German, British and American authors. This structure is in force ever since 1985/87 and was ultimately confirmed by Veitch & al. in Ley’s group in Cambridge, England, through total synthesis. Its 25th birthday is presently being celebrated. Marrangin (=Azadirachtin L) was discovered in Gießen and chemically identified by Kalinowski and colleagues. It occurs in seeds of the marrango tree, Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs. In some insect species but also in mites like Tetranychus urticae, its biological activity is significantly superior to azadirachtin A. The value of these biorational compounds, with their very low vertebrate toxicity, and their low toxicity today is globally recognized. Quite recently, azadirachtin and analogues gain acceptance in veterinary and human medicine.
Vindoline and its analogues are important constituents of the Madagascan periwinkle Catharanthus roseus, and some of them are valuable chemotherapy drugs used in treatment for some types of cancer, including leukaemia, lymphoma, breast and lung cancer. The search for semi-synthetic congeners of natural substances is still an important task for organic chemistry. In this communication we report the synthesis of five new vindoline derivatives, 15-(2-methoxyphenyl)vindoline 11, 15-(3-methoxyphenyl)vindoline 12, 15-(2-nitrophenyl)vindoline 13, 15-(3-cyanophenyl)vindoline 15, and 15-(4-cyanophenyl)vindoline 16 using the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction as the key step. X-Ray analysis of compound 16 is also reported
Introduction. Royal Jelly (RJ) is a popular bee-derived product used widely in European and Asian traditional medicine. RJ has some pharmacological activities to support health and longevity as well as prevent ageing. Objectives. To evaluate whether a short-term 6-day Royal Jelly administration is able to induce behavioural and neurochemical effects in aged rats. Materials and method. RJ (previously chemically characterized by GC-FID and GC–MS) was given to 18-month-old male Wistar rats (100 and 500mg of powder/kg b.w./day) in subcutaneous injection for 6 days. Spatial memory was assessed in a water maze. Afterwards, the level of neurotransmitters, their metabolites and turnover in the selected brain regions were estimated by HPLC. Results. Short-term RJ administration did not change spatial memory in aged rats in the water maze, although it was sufficiently active to modify most of all the serotonergic and dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate that Royal Jelly is able to affect very quickly the neurotransmission in the brain structures responsible for cognitive performance; however, short-term administration is not sufficient to exert behavioural consequences.
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Prevention of malignancies through nutrition

58%
There is a rather widespread view that inadequate composition of diet, with respect to the content of certain natural products and presence of foreign substances in food rations, is a very important factor contributing to the occurrence and development of certain neoplasms. The opinions on this problem show a constant evolution. This review tries to provide a picture of the present state of knowledge on the effects of natural food components on the occurrence of neoplasms.
Thirty two samples of different types of Polish honeys were investigated in order to assess their total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteau method and their potential antioxidant activity by 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS methods. Results of the study showed that the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity differed widely among different honey types. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity had dark honeys, while the lowest antioxidant activity and phenolic content were found in pale honeys. Statistical analysis showed that the total phenolic content of honey was correlated with its antioxidant activity.
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