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Filamentous fungi are cosmopolitan microorganisms found in almost all environments. It should be pointed out that occurance of moulds on food or feed may cause health disorders in humans and animals. Mycoflora appears as a source of toxic methabolites, mycotoxins, which hepatotoxic, genotoxic, nefrotoxic and carcinogenic abilities were already proven in several studies. Hense mycological analysis of cereal grains raises as an important manner in evaluation of food and feed health features. Among the most frequent cereal contaminants Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium strains are mentioned. Due to their ability to grow on cereals during both its field growth and storage, Fusarium moulds occure to be an important contamination factors in food and feed industry. In this study Fusarium strains isolates from wheat and maize were examined in order to recognize their abilities to produce two toxins: zearalenon (ZEA) and deoxynivalenole (DON). Mycological analysis shown differentiation within fungal microflora occuring in samples of different storage conditions, where Fusarium strains represented aproximately 20-70% of all mould species present. In purpose of Fusarium strains species evaluation, isolates were mycologically analysed. In the second step of the project, toxicological screening of isolates was performed using Thin Liquid Chromatography (TLC) evaluating toxigenic potential of single strains' production of ZEA and DON. This data gives the possibility of pointing the most toxigenic strains and also shows differentiations in their occurance in cereals. This paper presents introductory research data, which can be useful in recognition of cereal contamination with moulds and their toxic methabolites.
The composition of mycoflora in storage rooms, and other rooms in a poultry-processing plant, as well as on the surfaces of egg shells was observed. The concentrations of both aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A were determined in the shell eggs at room temperature and humidity, at a higher temperature and humidity, and in the eggs previously contaminated by Aspergillus flavus. We found that there was a reciprocal correlation between the presence of microscopic filamentous fungi in the air and on the working tables (Cladosporium spp. 45.5%, Penicillium spp. 36.4%, Mucor spp. 9.0%). The penetration of mycotoxins through the egg shell was relatively low and the residue limit of aflatoxin B₁ allowed (5 μg.kg⁻¹) was not exceeded in any sample of egg tested. However, the residue limit of ochratoxin A (20 μg.kg⁻¹) was exceeded in one case.
The authors investigated of the mycoflora developing on the eggs of Miedwie whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus maraena). 32 aquatic zoosporic fungus species developed on the eggs, including 24 of the order Saprolegniales and 8 of the Peronosporales.
It is demonstrated that contamination of water distribution systems with fungi is determined by the number and species composition of the mycoflora of waters supplying a given Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and the effectiveness of their removal in the unit processes of water treatment used. In the water dis­tribution system examined, a significant number of microorganisms occurring in waters supplying the WTP was reduced in the water supplied to the system to 200 cfu l-1 following sorption, coagulation, filtration and disinfection processes. Their number did not exceed 267 cfu l-1 in the water phase in the distribution system while it was as many as 1000-5000-times greater in the biomass "suspended" in it. These organisms occurred sporadically in pipe sediments. Moulds, including species pathogenic and potentially pathogenic to humans and warm-blooded animals, constituted the mycoflora.
The authors investigated the mycoflora developing on the dead specimens of Pallasea quadrispinosa from Lake Hańcza. Water for experiments was collected from four different bodies of water: Hańcza Lake, Wigry Lake, Supraśl River and Fosa Pond. A total of 41 zoosporic fungus species were found to grow on the dead of Pallasea quadrispinosa specimens, including 17 species inducing mycosis in a number of freshwater specimens, including 17 species inducing mycosis in a number of freshwater fish species: Achlya debaryana, A. diffusa, A. dubia, A. klebsiana, A. orion, A. polyandra, A. prolifera, A. proliferoides, Aphanomyces laevis, Dictyuchus monosporus, Leptolegnia caudata, Saprolegnia delica, S. ferax, S. hypogyna, S monoica, S. parasitica and and Thraustotheca clavata. Aphanomyces astaci as a parasite of noble as a parasite of noble crayfish, causing the so called crayfish plague, was also observed on Pallasea quadrispinosa.
The mycoflora developing on the feathers of wild and domestic bird species in the water of 6 limnologically different water bodies was investigated under laboratory conditions. 97 zoosporic fungus species were found to grow on the feathers investigated, including 21 Chytridiomycetes, 1 Hyphochytriomycetes, 74 Oomycetes and 1 Zygomycetes fungus. The most common fungus species included Chytriomycetes annulatus, Rhizophydium keratinophilum, Blastocladiopsis parva, Catenaria anguillulae, Catenophlyctis variabilis, Aphanomyces helicoides, Aphanomyces irregularis, Leptolegniella piligena, Pythium afertile, Pythium aquatile, Pythium echinulatum, Pythium intermedium and Pythium tenue. The most fungi were noted growing in water from Cypisek spring (64), the fewest in the ponds Akcent (45) and Fosa (47 species). Out of these 97 species, 17 are known as parasites or necrotrophs of fish. 13 fungus species were recorded for the first time in Poland.
Praca przedstawia wyniki trzyletnich badań nad wpływem nawożenia azotowego na stan ilościowy i jakościowy mikoflory podstawy łodyg i korzeni ziemniaka. Zastosowano zróżnicowane nawożenie azotowe (0, 40, 8O, 120, 16O, 200 kg N/ha) oraz użyto trzech odmian ziemniaka Elipsa, Atol, Liwia. Stwierdzono, że rozwój mikoflory podstawy łodyg i korzeni ziemniaka zależał od dawki azotu na hektar, odmiany ziemniaka i przebiegu pogody w okresie wegetacji.
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