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The authors in the article presented information on the possibility of separating rainwater from municipal sewage and the possibilities of its re-use. They based their considerations on the experience of municipalities in the European Union (EU), the Dutch one in particular. The choice of the Dutch municipality of Apeldoorn was not coincidental. Apeldoorn has the highest rainfall level in all of the Netherlands. What is more, The Netherlands is one of those European countries that is highly advanced in water management. This is due to the fact that it is a small country with a very dense population, which must deal with the distribution of water resources for very populated municipalities. Moreover, 50% of this country is situated below the sea level, which causes problems with excess water in coastal provinces. The Dutch are therefore trying to manage water using all technical and legal possibilities. This article presents some solutions related to the separation of rainwater from municipal sewage and the financial possibilities offered by the municipality of Apeldoorn. The authors also shortly presented history of the use of rainwater, including Polish experiences. The authors applied research methods based on examination of documents in the municipality of Apeldoorn and interviewed municipal employees responsible for the project of separation rainwater from sewage.
This research evaluated the impact of purified municipal wastes from Lublin on nickel accumulation in tested plants due to varied rates of sewage. Moreover, the fodder value of some plants was estimated. The experiment was localized in Bystrzyca river valley in 1996, covering an 8-hectare area. Studies were carried out on soils: (division) hydrogenic, (type) bog and bog-like, (sub-type) peat-bog and mineralbog. The experimental field was divided into 7 blocks and each block into 3 quarters (a, b c). Sewage was applied at three rates under every cultivation: a – control; b – sewage rate optimum for a given plant (established on a base of N content and water demands); c – double optimum rate. Plant material was randomly collected in July and September 1997. The ability for nickel accumulation in the investigated plants decreased along the sequence: grass mixtures > rape > hemp > maize > poplar (leaves) > willow (leaves).
The research aimed at defining the migration potential for the polio enterovirus in two soil profiles (podzolic soil and black earth) fertilised with sewage. The experimental fields were being fertilised with a 1:1 mixture of effluent and atenuated polio virus, strain Lsc2ab. After 28 days samples were taken for virus-oriented research. A slight virus penetration deep into the soil profiles was observed. The highest titres were obtained in the surface layer (0-2.5 cm) and they were, respectively: for the podzolic soil - 10 5.72 TCID50/g and for black earth 104.33 TCID50/g of the soil. The polio virus did not migrate beyond the humus layer. In podzolic soil it was observed to 20-25 cm deep, however in the black earth 15-20 cm deep. The physical properties and chemical analysis of the podzolic soil were slightly more favourable for virus migration deep into the soil.
This paper presents the behaviour of selected. bacteria, the mixture of, and indigenous to municipal sewage microorganisms, in biodegradation of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and p-xylene (BTX). Apart from an expected different behaviour under aerobic and anaerobic conditions the difference in degradation rate obtained for the different microorganisms tested, suppositions on practical application of the results were made. It was found that the mixture of microorganisms present in municipal sewage can be advantageously used in biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions. Opposite conclusions could be drawn from the experiments performed in anaerobic conditions where selected specific bacteria have been much more active. The observations made, of toluene biosynthesis. under specific anaerobic conditions seem to be totally new and unique.
An overall number of sixty samples of treated and untreated sewage was tested in our studies. The samples represented both municipal and industrial sewage (30 samples each type) and were collected respectively at the point of sewage discharge to a river, and at a poultry processing plant, namely from a secondary settler and an aeration chamber, as well as at the discharge of the treated sewage to the environment. Industrial sewage was tested with both chemically treated and untreated samples. The samples were analysed microbiologically for the presence of Listeria sp with a modified MPN method using membrane filtration, fecal coliforms by means of MPN method based on the PN-77 C-04615 standard, including the ISO 7251:1993 standard, and tested for the total microbial count on agar plates at 20°C.
W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę ilościową i jakościową ścieków dopływających i odpływających z oczyszczalni Mszana Dolna. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie od 2004 do 2007 r. Przedstawiono ilość ścieków jaka dopływa do oczyszczalni ścieków w poszczególnych dobach badanego okresu. Określono stężenia zanieczyszczeń ścieków dopływających i odpływających z oczyszczalni. Badano następujące wskaźniki zanieczyszczeń: BZT₅, ChZTCr, zawiesinę ogólną, azot ogólny, fosfor ogólny. Na podstawie wyników badań fizykochemicznych ścieków surowych i oczyszczonych określono skuteczność zmniejszenia wybranych zanieczyszczeń ścieków. Obliczono ładunek zanieczyszczeń, jaki trafia do oczyszczalni oraz ładunek, jaki jest odprowadzany do odbiornika. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że średni dopływ ścieków do oczyszczalni stanowi 51,67% przepływu projektowanego. Na podstawie analizy badań fizykochemicznych stwierdzono następującą skuteczność usuwania zanieczyszczeń: BZT₅ - 97,9%, ChZTCr - 95,7%, zawiesina ogólna - 96,3%, azot ogólny - 90,4%, fosfor ogólny - 77,3%.
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