The greater mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum) possesses a large geographical range, covering most of the arid and warm areas of the Old World. We studied the genetic variability of this species using two mitochondrial markers (the cytochrome b gene and the control region), from several Israeli colonies and from over most of the species' range. Our results show that the cytochrome b sequences, unlike those of the control region, are too conserved to separate among R. microphyllum populations. Based on the control region sequences, a high level of sequence similarity was found within the Israeli population. Three clades were observed over the species' range: Oriental, Intermediate and Palaearctic. This division supports most of the traditional taxonomy of the species. The Israeli population, which belongs to the Palaearctic clade, was found to be isolated from the Oriental and Intermediate clades. We suggest that the colonization of the greater mouse-tailed bat in the Levant occurred from African populations during the late Pleistocene, when many Saharan plants and animals penetrated the northern part of the Great Rift Valley.
Genomic DNA from 14 representative animals of 3 maternal lines of Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) was used for amplification of a 1026-bp fragment of mtDNA D-loop. Analysis of this mitochondria! control region demonstrated only four variable sites in the studied B. bonasus population. Nucleotide substitutions in the fragment studied were very unstable, suggesting that intralineage sequence variation can occur in B. bonasus. To estimate phylogenetic relationships within the Bouinae subfamily mtDNA control region was analysed. The phylogenetic analysis separated two species of Bison, and placed Bison bison most closely to Bos grunniens. The rate sequence divergence of the hypervariable region of the D-loop between B. bonasus and B. bison was calculated as 78.5% per Myr.
Amplification of a mitochondrial DNA fragment was used to compare the efficiency of five methods for extracting DNA from bat droppings. The Qiagen DNA Stool Kit, which yielded > 90% mtDNA amplification success, was chosen to extract DNA from 586 samples taken over two years in three French colonies of the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros). Samples, for which mtDNA amplification was successful, were subject to the multiplex amplification of eight microsatellite loci. This resulted in > 95% amplification success over 12,592 PCRs. Allelic dropout (ADO) and false allele (FA) rates were low, and consequently, sample and locus quality indexes (QI) were high. These results demonstrate that large scale noninvasive studies of bat colonies are possible.
Four cpDNA regions were analyzed with the use of PCR-RFLP technique and nucleotide sequences of two mtDNA regions were characterized in order to find P. sylvestris and P. mugo species specific markers useful for studies of the species hybridization. The difference in the restriction fragment patterns of trnV-rbcL region after digestion with MvaI endonuclease was detected. The analyses of the species representatives from various geographic regions revealed that the observed polymorphism is species specific. No differences have been disclosed in the analyzed trnS-trnT, trnK1-trnK2, trnC-trnD cpDNA regions. The P. sylvestris and P.mugo mtDNA sequences of orf25 and coxI regions proved to be identical.
Based on the analysis of the cytb gene of mtDNA the taxonomic position was determined of two closely related Bovidae species: American bison (Bison bison) and European bison (Bison bonasus). Reference sequences were determined for both species. In the American bison two variants of cytb gene were identified. Both of them are novel sequences, so far not published in GenBank. For comparison the reference sequences in four another representatives of Bovidae (Polish Red cattle, Zebu cattle, Merino sheep and Polish White Improved goat) were determined. Phylogenetic reconstructions were obtained by the neighbour-joining method (N-J) on all mutations and on changes with removed mutations In third position. Topology of phylogenetic trees showed that American bison and European bison form a separate nodes. The molecular data presented corroborate the results of earlier studies showing that although the two species in question are very closely related, their classification as subspecies is rather questionable. The fact that nodes for American as well as European bison show relatively high bootstrap scores supports this hypothesis.
We applied the RFLP approach to identify the cytoplasmic genotypes of selected onion breeding materials from Poland. For this purpose, mitochondrial DNA from cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) and male-fertile onions were hybridized with the probes for the following mitochondrial genes: atpA, atp6, atp9, cob, cox1, nad3, nad4 and nad6. S-, T- or C-cytoplasm was represented in each analyzed sterile accession. Some new polymorphisms shared by S- and C-cytoplasmic onions were identified. We also used currently available PCR markers to test if cytoplasmic heterogenity occurs within onion inbreds. A fraction of the plants bearing S-cytoplasm were found within two male-fertile lines, but such plants were not detected in the open-pollinated cultivars Sochaczewska, Wolska and Żytawska. Both the RFLP and PCR approaches gave some proof of existing mitochondrial heteroplasmy in onions.
The Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix populations in Europe have become fragmented and reduced in numbers. These processes affected genetic diversity of the species, altering patterns of gene flow and genetic structure. In Poland, the Black Grouse is one of the most endangered bird species, however very little is known about diversity of this native population, bordering on to the area of Europe in which the species maintains a continuous range. To complete the knowledge of genetic structure of European populations, we analysed microsatellite polymorphism in 97 native Polish birds, along with 39 introduced individuals, originating in Belarus and at a breeding centre in Poland, regarded as representing the gene pool from the north-eastern part of the country. The results confirmed that isolation of populations and recent decreases in their sizes have reduced genetic diversity in Poland's populations of the Black Grouse. The results also indicated the presence of two genetic groups in Poland, involving birds of the north-eastern part of the country and the Carpathians Foothills in a first group, and the population from the Sudetes (Izerskie and Karkonosze Mountains) in a second. We suggest that the conservation effort should treat these two groups as independent units. We also analysed a fragment of the mitochondrial Control Region (CRmtDNA). The comparisons of sequences obtained with data from other Eurasian populations indicate that populations of the Black Grouse in Poland should be included within a large Conservation Unit — the northern tetrix — which comprises birds from Eastern and Northern Europe.
A valvatiform hydrobiid gastropod, found in a spring at Dhiaselo, W of Sparta, N. Taigetos Mts., Peloponnese, Greece, was identified as Horatia hadei Gittenberger, 1982. Its protoconch sculpture, female reproductive organs and penis morphology are characteristic of Daphniola Radoman, 1973. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) fragments of mtDNA proved that the species is congeneric with D. exigua (A. Schmidt, 1856) and D. louisi Falniowski et Szarowska, 2000, and thus belongs to the genus Daphniola, and that D. hadei, D. exigua and D. louisi are species-level distinct taxa.
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