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A diverse Ordovician assemblage of juvenile bryozoan colonies, with external phosphatic coatings allowing chemical extraction from the rock, shows a morphologic series probably corresponding to evolutionary step-by-step suppression in the formation of the external colony wall. Its formation was initially delayed leading to formation of the common bud (advanced corynotrypids). Then the permanent double-walled colony organization developed along the colony margin (Flabellotrypa-like). In the following evolutionary stage, the external wall was secreted only at the conical creeping stage immediately following ancestrula (typical rhabdomesines). With subsequent evolution the external wall completely disappeared, and the double-walled ancestrula grew vertically (advanced rhabdomesines and phylloporinids). This kind of the early astogeny characterizes also the oldest phyllodictyid cryptostome Prophyllodictya, studied in serial peels. Flabellotrypidae fam. n., Mojczatrypa halysitoides gen. et sp. n., Kielceporidae fam. n., Kielcepora ornata gen. et sp. n., Ojlepora gen. n., and Kielanopora gracilis gen. et sp. n. are proposed.
The production of larvae, the formation of statoblasts, and the growth rate of colonies of Plumatella fungosa were investigated in two Polish eutrophic lakes. On the basis of the obtained results and data referring to the seasonal changes in the biomass, origin, and distribution of the bryozoan colonies the author gives a schematic presentation of the life cycle of P. fungosa in the studied lakes.
In the studied eutrophic lakes the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella fungosa produced annually at least 3 generations of colonies. The successive generations differed from each other in their biomass and mode of forming colonies (developed from statoblasts or larvae). The biomass and density of P. fungosa colonies in the littoral zone changed significantly during the season (May-November) and over a period of many years.
Bryozoans from the Nordenskiöldbreen Formation (Middle Carboniferous Moscovian through Early Permian Sakmarian) and the Gipshuken Formation (late Sakmarian - late Artinskian), from central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, are represented by 36 species (22 genera). One species is new: Hinaclema svalbardensis of the order Trepostomata. The bryozoan fauna is typical Boreal and resembles those from the Timan-Pechora region (western Siberia) and the Urals. Similarity indices based on generic composition show that the Boreal fauna became more endemic by the late Early Permian, clearly separated from the Tethyan faunas. Several species have stratigraphic ranges in Spitsbergen longer than elsewhere.
Paired, cup-like calcitic structures from the Paleocene of Pomerania, Poland, are interpreted as complete zoaria or zoarial segments of an unknown group of cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Each of the cups in the twinned unit resembles the alleged Eocene tintinnid Pseudarcella. These fossil organisms may thus represent a connecting link between the more complex segmented bryozoan of bicorniferids and the extremely simplified pseudarcellids. Geminella polonica gen. et sp. n. is proposed.
A sample taken from a detrital limestone lens, presumed to be allochthonous, within the dark coloured argillaceous limestone of the Early Carboniferous Muhua Formation at the Muhua section, Guizhou, South China, yielded numerous, mostly silicified fossils. Ostracodes, which are the most numerous in the sample, were studied by Olempska (1999). Brachiopods and conodonts are described and illustrated in this paper, but other associated fossils are also noted. Among brachiopods the most common are productides, orthotetidines, spiriferides, and orthides. The productoid gen. et sp. indet. 2, Lambdarina sp., and rhynchonelloid gen. et sp. indet. most probably represent new taxa, but are described in open nomenclature because of inadequate material. Conodonts are indicative of late Tournaisian age. The fossil assemblage is represented by phosphatic and silicified remnants, the latter being originally calcitic. The pattern of silicification resulted generally in preservation of skeletal morphology in great details.
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