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Для определения статистических характеристик коэффициента сопротивления воздуха использованы графики теоретической зависимости пройденного пути от времени при различных коэффициентах сопротивления и экспериментальные значения времени падения семян из заданных высот. Исследования выполнены при условии линейной зависимости сопротивления воздуха от скорости движения.
Twenty six European brown bears Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 were captured, radio-collared, and tracked in and around Plitvice Lakes and Risnjak National Parks from 01 November 1981 to 25 July 1991. The largest male and female ranges were 224 km2 and 147 km2, respectively. Mean annual ranges were 128 km2 and 58 km^ for males and females, respectively. Male ranges were 2 to 5 times larger than female ranges. The median straight-line distance between consecutive day locations was 1.5 km for a!! bears and the maximum distance was 8.5 km. Distances traveled daily by males and females were similar, but movements of females were restricted to smaller areas, Winter ranges were significantly smaller than ranges during other seasons. Marked bears spent 52% of their time outside the Plitvice Lakes and Risnjak National Parks.
The relationship between the straight line distances (SLD), obtained from tele­metry locations, and actual distances travelled by wolves Canis lupus (ADT), measured by snowtracking, was investigated in Białowieża Primeval Forest, E Poland, in winter 1995/96. Radiolocations determined at 15-min time intervals approximated the ADT by wolves reasonably well. If wolves were relocated at 0.5- to 2-h intervals, SLD can be multiplied by a correction factor of 1.3 to obtain ADT. Within the range of SLD from 1 to 10 km, they could also be converted into ADT using a regression equation: ADT = 0.34 + 1.19(SLD), with standard errors of prediction ± 0.13 to ± 0.3 km. The average travelling speed of wolves was 3.78 km/h (SD 1.23, range 1.6-6.1 km). Wolves walking the forest trails, roads and frozen rivers moved significantly faster than in the forest. Also, individuals travelling with other pack members moved faster than those walking singly.
We conducted field studies of ferret badgers Melogale moschata (Gray, 1831) during March-November 1994 and May-July 1996 at Taohong Village in southeastern China. Capture data suggested that they gave birth in May, and telemetry data on 11 individuals indicated that they were nocturnal. Size of resting home ranges (daybed locations only; n> 20 re-locations) of 6 individuals averaged 11 ha (range 1-25 ha) and no sex-specific differences in size were detected. Distances between daily resting sites averaged 101 m, but ferret badgers often (51% of occasions) returned to sites used the previous day. Ferret badgers readily used a variety of shelters as daybeds, including rodent dens (47%), firewood stacks (20%), open fields (17%), and rock piles (5%) around houses.
The diurnal and nocturnal movement patterns of juvenile foxes Vulpes uulpes (Linneaus, 1758) were investigated in Bristol, UK. Juvenile and adult foxes were radio-tracked between May and December in three consecutive years. In the months preceding the main dispersal period (May-September), cubs showed a gradual increase in the area over which they ranged, and this was reflected both in the use of diurnal lying-up sites and nocturnal patterns of movement. However, their behaviour was highly focused at secure den sites and rendezvous sites. There was no significant difference in the movement patterns of male and female cubs. By the end of August, the nocturnal movement patterns of cubs were comparable with resident aduit animals with the exception of their average speed of travel. During the onset of the main dispersal period (October-December) subadults showed the same movement patterns as adults. These results are discussed within the context of fox management by the distribution of baits. It is proposed that the low bait uptake rate of juveniles is associated with their limited ranging behaviour as cubs, and with differences in patterns of range utilisation as subadults.
Adult Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) were found to be sedentary, showing small home ranges. The mean range area for males (n = 46) throughout their active season was 1.0 ± 0.05 ha, whereas for females (n = 33) it was 0.8 ± 0.05 ha. Male home ranges partially overlapped those of females and each other, whereas female home ranges hardly ever overlapped. In separate years adult dormice were sometimes found to change their home ranges. Dispersal was a necessary stage in the life of the young. The mean distance travelled from the birth place by young born in May-July (it = 65) was 360 ± 30 m, whereas the distance travelled by young born in August-September (n = 109) was 130 ± 10 m. The greatest travelled distance was 1200 m. About 90% of the young that survived the first winter became sedentary in the first autumn of their life, the remainder during the following spring.
We investigated habitat selection and movement characteristics of male weaselsMustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 during the breeding season through radio-telemetry in Kielder Forest (KF) in order to assess how weasel movement is influenced by prey dynamics, mate searching and predation risk, and whether the scale of weasel movement corresponds to the spatial scale of the asynchronous, multi-annual vole population cycles observed in KF. Weasels used habitats with a high proportion of grass cover to a much larger extend than habitats with less grass cover and moved through the latter habitats faster and / or straighter. Habitats with high amounts of grass cover also had the highest field vole abundance, although total rodent abundance did not differ between habitats. The selection of this habitat by weasels might reflect weasels preferring field voles as prey or avoiding habitats with little grass cover and high intraguild predation risk. Five out of 8 male weasels radio-tracked had low day-to-day site fidelity and moved between different clear cuts. Three other males were resident in a single clear cut. This variation may reflect mate searching by male weasels. The observation that most weasels (5 out of 8) roamed over large areas and the scale of their dispersal potential suggests, that if they regulated vole populations, they should have a greater synchronising effect on the spatial scale of vole population dynamics than what is observed in vole populations in KF.
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