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The total numbers and biomass of bacterioplankton in two Arctic glacial fjords off west Spitsbergen were studied. Samples were collected from different water depth layers - from the surface to 80-90 m depth. Total bacterial number (TBN), biomass and morphological structure (shape of bacteria) were determined using the acridine orange direct count method. The highest values of TBN and biomass in the water column were found in Kongsfjorden in the stations adjacent to Kongsbreen Glacier, and the lowest values in the outer part of the Krossfjorden. The local maxima of bacterioplankton were observed in water layers around pycnocline. The morphological structure was similar in all samples - the bacteria were dominated by rods (over 65%), followed by cocci (16-20%) and vibrios (11-15%).
Extrafloral nectaries on the abaxial surface of stipules were investigated in the Vicia angustifolia, Vicia sativa, Vicia sepium and Vicia grandiflora. In V. angustifolia nectaries were also located on the calyx surface. Nectaries were consisted of secretory hairs and 2-3 layers of subepidermal cells. Secretory hair was built af four cells of head, one stalk cell and basal cell. Head cells showed character of transfer cells because of walls ingrowths and dense cytoplasm with numerous mitochondria.
The growth of Topospora myrtilli isolates, obtained in the years 2001-2003, was studied on PDA medium at –10, +2, +6, +12, +18, +22 and +28oC. The growth and sporulation of the isolates were observed at +22oC on the following culture media: PDA, maltose – MA and mineral – MSA, as well as on two versions of oat media, one containing 20 g of oat fl akes per litre (OA-20), and the other containing 50 g of oat fl akes per litre (OA-50). The observations of the linear growth of colonies of the studied strains were carried out during a period of 21 days, whereas the formation of morphological structures until the 52nd day of cultivation. It was found that T. myrtilli can grow and sporulate in a wide range of temperature, even at +2oC. The pathogen growth activates with the increase of temperature, up to the optimal temperature, i.e. from +18oC to +22oC. The increase of temperature to +28oC did not favour the mycelium growth and prevents pathogen sporulation. PDA, OA-20, OA- 50 and MA media can be considered to be the most suitable for the growth and development of T. myrtilli, due to the intensive growth and formation of typical macro- and microscopic features. It is necessary to emphasise the great usefulness of oat medium, especially OA-50, for the cultivation of Topospora myrtilli, in the aspect of sporulation of the fungus. It was found that mineral medium is unsuitable due to the formation of mycelium with an untypical structure and colouration as well as late conidial sporulation.
The object of the research work was an isolate of S. hypericinum D 1224, as well as ten fungicides belonging to different chemical groups. The studies on the toxic effect were conducted in vitro by means of poisoning the media with the use of 1, 10 and 100 μg a.i./cm3 of the tested preparations. The obtained results showed that the compounds of thiophanatemethyl and triadimephon caused complete inhibition of the growth of S. hypericinum, when the dose of 10 and 100 μg a.i./cm3 was used, while in the case of mancozeb the effective dose was 100μg a.i./cm3. These compounds, as well as trifloxystrobin, can be therefore regarded as a prospective means of limiting growth and development of S. hypericinum and protecting St. John’s wort from this pathogen. The effect of the other compounds on S. hypericinum was less toxic.
Long time grazing of lucerne-cocksfoot and lucerne-cocksfoot-sainfoin swards is supposed to result in a decline of dry matter yields, to reduce the persistence of the sward and to influence the morphology (root collar thickness and crown diameter) and the regrowth of lucerne from root collars and from the stubble. In the years 2000-2004 in the trial run at IUNG-PIB Grabów (province of Mazovia) yields, persistence, regrowth, root collar thickness and crown diameter of lucerne grown in six different associations with cocksfoot or with cocksfoot and sainfoin grown under two grazing systems (short-time: 1-2 days of grazing and 30 days of regrowth, long-time: 7-8 days of grazing followed by 23-24 days of regrowth) were investigated. It was found in the trial that the impact of grazing system became evident only in the third year of sward utilization and that, under a short-time grazing, a significantly higher yield was obtained as compared to that under a long-time grazing. The cultivars Luzelle and Legend were characterized by a higher dry matter yield and by a better regrowth from the stubble as compared to the cv. Kometa. Under the trial conditions the duration of grazing and specific composition of the mixtures had no effect on the number of lucerne shoots in 0.5 kg of the herbage, on the crown diameter or on the regrowth of lucerne from the stubble. A short-time grazing of the mixtures (1-2 days of grazing followed by 30 days of regrowth promoted better foliage development, an increased root collar thickness and increased the persistence of lucerne plants when compared to the short-time grazing (7-8 days of grazing followed by 23-24 days of regrowth). Due to a low dry matter yields, tall shoots and low persistence under long- or short-time grazing the Kometa cv. should not be grown in associations with cocksfoot or with cocksfoot and sainfoin to be grazed by cattle.
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