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Altered expression of adenosine receptors in heart of diabetic rat

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Diabetes results in functional, biochemical, and morphological abnormalities in the heart. Some of these changes may be attributed to altered adenosine action. This study aimed to examine the expression level of adenosine receptors (AR) in heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Performed analyses revealed detectable levels of A1-AR, A2a-AR, A2b-AR, A3-AR mRNA and protein in whole heart and isolated cardiac myocytes. An increase in A1-AR protein content with no changes in mRNA level was observed in isolated cardiac myocytes. Diabetes resulted in an increase of A3-AR mRNA and protein levels in heart and in cardiac myocytes. The level of A2a-AR mRNA was increased in whole diabetic heart, but it decreased in cardiac myocytes with no detectable changes in protein content. We did not observe any changes in expression level of A2b-AR in diabetic heart and isolated cardiac myocytes. Administration of insulin to diabetic rat for four days resulted in returning of the ARs mRNA and protein to the levels observed in heart of normal rat. These changes in ARs genes expression, and receptors protein content correspond to some abnormalities characteristic of the diabetic heart, suggesting involvement in pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Ethanol (EtOH) abouse in pregnancy is known to produce serious damage of internal organs of the fetus, a condition in humans that is classified as "fetal alcohol syndrome". Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal pollutant of the environment, represents another toxin that produces retarded fetal growth and teratogenic effects. The developing brain is particularly sensitive to both toxins, being affected morphologically and neurochemically. Prenatal EtOH and Cd have been found to reduce endogenous dopamine (DA) levels and turnover in brain. To test whether reactivity of central DA receptors might be altered by prenatal EtOH and Cd, administered separately or jointly, rats were given 10% (v/v) EtOH and/or Cd (5 or 50 ppm) in their drinking water. Male offispring were tested at 3 months for behavioral effects known to be induced by agonists acting at different subtypes of DA receptors. A dose-effect curve demonstrated that SKF 38393-induced oral activity, primarily a DA D!-associated event, was not substantially altered in these rats. However, the dose-effect curve for quinpirole-induced yawning activity, primarily a DA D2/D3-associated event was reduced in the EtOH-exposed rats. This effect of EtOH was prevented by Cd, which alone had little effect on yawning activity. These findings indicate that prenatal EtOH exposure produces a diminished reactivity of receptors of the DA D2/D3 complex and that Cd prevents this effect of EtOH.
A survey of abnormalities was carried out on 5567 C. pyrrhogaster, which were collected in spring and autumn of 1995 in the same area of Japan as that surveyed earlier (in 1981 and 1985). As before, male and female individuals were afflicted in roughly equal proportions and cases of papilloma occurred in 1.6%. However, fewer incidences of limb-, finger-, and toe-abnormalities were recorded. The highest figure was in the autumn collection, but even then only 0.6% of all animals showed morphological abnormalities of the appendages. It is suggested that improvements in water quality and greater environmental awareness by the public could be responsible for the drop in abnormalities.
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