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The experiment was carried out on 90 Swiss male mice divided into 9 groups (n=10). Over 4, 10 and 14 days mice of three control groups (I-III) were injected with 250 μl 0.9% NaCl solution daily, and those from six experimental groups (A-F) with 250 μl 0.9% NaCl solution containing 20 or 30 mg morphine hydrochloride per kg body weight. The injections were given intramuscularly once a day between 9:00-10:00 a.m. for 4, 10 and 14 days. In the lysosomal fraction of the liver and kidney the activities of acid phosphatase, lysosomal esterase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, and β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase were estimated. Morphine increased the activity of all examined enzymes except EL, which activity was statistically proven to decrease in liver and kidneys after 10 days morphine administration in both doses.
Respiratory effects of morphine injection to the femoral vein were investigated in urethane and chloralose anaesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats, prior to and after midcervical vagotomy. Bolus injection of morphine HCl at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight induced depression of ventilation in all rats, due to the significant decrease in tidal volume and to the decline in respiratory rate both pre- and post-vagotomy. Expiratory apnoea of mean duration of 10.0±3.4 s was present in the vagally intact rats only. Bilateral midcervical section of the vagus nerve precluded the occurrence of apnoea. Prolongation of the expiratory time (TE morphine / TE control), which amounted to10.7±2.2-fold in the intact state, was apparently reduced to 1.5±0.3-fold after division of the vagi. Morphine significantly decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 30 s after the challenge, the effect persisted for not less than 1 minute and was absent in vagotomized rats. The respiratory changes evoked by morphine reverted to the control level after intravenous injection of naloxone at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Results of this study indicate that opioid receptors on vagal afferents are responsible for the occurrence of apnoea and hypotension evoked by morphine.
Used were ninety Swiss mice males divided into 9 groups (n=10). Three control groups [I, II, III] were injected with 0.9% NaCl solution, while six experimental groups (A, B, C, D, E, F) with the morphine hydrochloride. Mice from groups A, C and E were injected with a dose of 20 and those from B, D and F with a dose of 30 mg morphine per kg body weight. In each group, both solutions were administered intramuscularly once a day from 9:00 to10:00 a.m. for 4, 10 and 14 days.In the lysosomal fraction of the liver and kidney the activities of cathepsin D, cathepsin L, alanine aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, lysosomal lipase, and β-glucosidase were estimated.Morphine led to the increased activity of all examined enzymes except lysosomal lipase, the activity of which dropped in both organs examined.
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines, among them the most interesting neuroprotective substance, an inhibitor of MAO, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), are endogenous compounds present in the central nervous system of mammals and humans. In this study, we investigated the effect of 1MeTIQ on morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and abstinence syndrome as well as its effect on morphine-induced changes in dopamine metabolism in rat brain structures (nucleus accumbens, striatum, substantia nigra) using HPLC methodology. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats. Morphine analgesia was measured in the “hot-plate” test. To induce tolerance, morphine was given chronically (20 mg/kg i.p.) alone or following 1MeTIQ (50 mg/kg i.p.) injection. The development of dependence was assessed in the naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.) precipitation test, after 10 days of morphine administration. The behavioral studies have shown that an endogenous compound, 1MeTIQ produced strong potentiation of morphine analgesia, prevented the development of morphine tolerance and inhibited expression of morphine abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. In neurochemical studies, we have demonstrated that 1MeTIQ antagonized morphine-induced changes in dopamine metabolism observed in rat brain structures. The main finding of this study was demonstration for the first time of an anti-abuse effect of an endogenous compound, 1MeTIQ, and its efficiency in counteracting morphine-induced addiction in the way useful from clinical point of view. The obtained results suggested a possibility of clinical application of 1MeTIQ in morphine addiction.
Studies from our laboratory have revealed a novel µ opiate receptor, µ3, which is expressed in both human vascular tissues and leukocytes. The µ3 receptor is selective for opiate alkaloids, insensitive to opioid peptides and is coupled to constitutive nitric oxide (cNO) release. We now identify the µ3 receptor characteristics in mammalian gut tissues. It appears that the various regions of the mouse gut release low levels of NO (0.02 to 4.6 nM ) in a pulsatile manner. We demonstrate that morphine stimulates cNO release (peak level 17 nM) in the mouse stomach, small intestine and large intestine in a naloxone and L-NAME antagonizable manner. Opioid peptides do not exhibit cNO-stimulating capabilities in these tissues. Taken together, we surmise morphine acts as a hormone to limit gut activity via µ3 coupled to NO release since µ opiate receptors are found in the gut and endogenous morphine is not but is found in blood.
To enhance analgesia, combination of analgesics drugs of proven efficacy is a strategy which is accompanied by a reduction of adverse effects. The present study was undertaken to characterize the antinociceptive interaction of morphine with different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using isobolographic analysis and the writhing test of mice. One of the possible mechanisms of action of spinally administered morphine with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was investigated using the DOR antagonist naltrindole. The study demonstrated a synergistic antinociception of spinal administered combinations of morphine with the following NSAIDs agents: diclofenac, ketoprofen, meloxicam, metamizol, naproxen, nimesulide, parecoxib and piroxicam. The supraadditive effect seems to be independent of the selectivity of each NSAIDs to inhibit COX-1 or COX-2. The findings of the present work suggest that the combinations of opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a direct action on spinal processing of the nociceptive information, which may achieved by additional mechanisms independent of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition and/or activation of opioid receptors. The lack of effect of naltrindole to modify the analgesic activity of the combination of opioids and NSAIDs indicates that others pain regulatory systems are involved in this central action. Therefore, these combinations could be a viable alternative to clinical pain management, especially trough multimodal analgesia.
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