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In 2012 and 2013 the presence of Potato virus Y on tomato in greenhouses and fields was analyzed. A total number of 176 samples displaying different type of symptoms: deformation, discoloration, necrosis of leaves and growth retardation were collected. The presence of viral infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was confirmed in 147 samples. Biological and genetic diversity of the virus isolates was also analyzed. The analyses revealed that the particular strains cause different symptoms on the tested plants such as Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker, S. melongena and Datura inoxia. In contrast to previous years, in which only isolates belonging to PVYNWi-P strains were observed, four different strains were identified: PVYNWi-P, PVYNN242, PVYNTN and PVYO. The isolates belonging to PVYNWi-P strain remained dominant in the population.
In 2006–2009, the occurrence of leaf rollers was monitored in three different regions of Poland. The results of observations suggested diversified number of rollers in different regions and over different years. The highest number of recorded Archips rosanus rollers was in 2008, whereas Pandemis heparana roller peak occurred in 2007. Since 2007, in the region of Central Poland, the number of Adoxophyes orana and Spilonota ocellana roller systematically increased. A. orana roller occurred in high intensity throughout all the orchards in which conducted the research. Considerable differences were stated in dates of moths’ flight initiation within individual orchards and vegetative seasons. The dynamics of moths’ flight was also differentiated. Because of this there is a need of scheduling different treatment dates for each region and orchard.
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) is the most dangerous pest of maize (Zea mays L.) in Poland, requiring intensive control with agrotechnical method for instance by cultivating varieties less damaged by caterpillars, biological measures, and, application of chemical products as last available option. A precise monitoring of the species presence in maize fields is necessary to determine accurately a need and a date for setting out bioformulations containing Trichogramma spp. Currently, nationwide monitoring of O. nubilalis presence is conducted by the Main Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection, using mainly pheromone traps characterised by low effectiveness in catching moths (males). On a small scale, regional monitoring is also conducted by the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, whose decisions about a need and a date for O. nubilalis control are based on simultaneous use of several observation methods. These methods include: observation of moth flights from postharvest maize residues (in entomological chambers), use of light and pheromone traps (of various types and with various pheromones), and observation of egg laying and caterpillar hatching dynamics. By combining several independent observation methods it is possible to precisely determine an optimal time for biological and chemical control of O. nubilalis, thus it is necessary to establish a national network for monitoring that pest with all known methods, covering all Poland.
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