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The hydration of a variety of phospholipids has been studied, gravimetrically. The water adsorption isotherms obtained have been analyzed by the use of BET methodology. The major findings are as follows: Phospholipids containing choline, as part of their head group and having a glycerol backbone are „strong” water adsorbers; the nature and fluidity of the hydrocarbon chains do not control the „strong” vs „weak” nature of the water binding but do modulate the amount of adsorbed water. The number of methyl groups present on the N+ moiety of the head groups determines both the nature of the water binding as well as the amount of water adsorbed. The electrical charge on the phospholipid head group does not, in itself, determine the nature of the water binding; it does, however affect the amount of water bound. All of the phospholipids studied exhibit a very rapid rise in electrical conductivity as water is adsorbed; this rise reaches a limiting saturation value at or close to fnat for the completion of the first monolayer of water adsorbed. These findings are discussed in terms of the molecular structure of the phospholipids.
The study presented here concentrates on the characteristics of the humous compounds of humic and fulvic acid fractions of ß-humus, originating from the typologically differentiated soils (podzolic soil and chernozem). The soils were chosen so as to emphasize differences between chemical structure and degree of aromatic nucleus condensation in the humous acids isolated from them. It was found that the structure of the humous substances isolated from the podzolic soil is characterised by the lowest degree of condensation of the aromatic nucleus and the lowest polymerisation, while the humous acids from the chernozem are characterised by the highest degree of condensation of the aromatic nucleus and the strongest polymerisation.
Glucans of pseudo cereal starches with significant differences in their branching pattern - amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat - were investigated upon the correlation of their molecular characteristics with technological properties. Consistency of glucan conformation, in particular persistance against elevated temperature, acidic pH and mechanical stress was investigated with respect to consequences on molecular and supermolecular structures of starch/DMSO-solutions. For analytical purposes starch glucans were separated by semi-preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and obtained fractions were tested upon their iodine-complexing potential. Amaranth was found to be short chain branched (scb ≡ amylopectin type); quinoa to be scb-type, but consisting of longer branches than amaranth; buckwheat was found to be a mixture of scb-glucans with approx. 24% of long- chain branched (lcb ≡ amylose-type) glucans. Molecular weight (degree of polymerization) for DMSO-dissolved starches was determined absolutely by means of aqueous SEC. Weight average molecular weights (Mw) were found close to 12-106 g/M for the investigated samples. Dimensions of starch glucan coils were estimated from SEC-data combined with universal calibration: values between 2-40 nm were found without significant differences for the three starches. However, in spite of these minor differences, the investigated starches differ significantly in their inter- and intramolecular interaction potential. Thus, obviously interaction potentials are strongly controlled by branching patterns, glucan-coil packing densities and by the ability to form supermolecular structures.
The main result of the investigation concerning pecularities of peat humic substances ( humic and fulvic acids)with the use of CNMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, pyrolysis mass- spectrometry, oxidation destruction, gel- chromatography and electronic paramagnetic resonance are shown in this paper.
Authors performed a review of a current literature related with a structure, physiology and effects of estrogen receptor function. Our article contains information about molecular structure of SHR family (steroid hormone receptors), a way of binding with their ligands. We tried to present step by step a mechanism of receptor reaction with nucleic acids also a mechanism of initiation of transcription. We clearly described a function and action of cofactor proteins in a process of receptor activation. We mentioned about fitoestro- gens influence on estrogen receptor molecules.
In contrast to the world-wide given situation for maize as the main substrate in starch isolation, wheat gains an advantageous position in the European starch industry although technical starch yield cannot compete fully material prices. Its remarkable position profits also from wheat gluten as valuable byproduct. Further indication for rising preference can be seen in the installation of new processing capacities in Europe. However, the economic situation of wheat starch production follows unavoidable fluctuations of wheat gluten markets. Political decisions play an important role, too. The challenging situation connected with wheat as substrate for starch extraction is result of developments in equipment and remodelling of technology. The most important contribution consisted in an obvious shift of the relation of water to flour used for flour/water mixture preparation, starch and gluten extraction, and refining. This was initialised mainly by the introduction of separation techniques using centrifugal principles. With respect to limited availability of water and increasing costs for waste water treatment reduction of water supply is a steady target. In close connection to developments in separation technology wheat and wheat flour should gain extended attraction. Published standards are limited and reveal at most characteristics oriented to the. Martin process. With respect to recent developments in technology, alternative testing procedures have been proposed. Results demonstrate the suitability and specificity of the „Mixer method", a procedure adapted to flour/water relations in centrifugal separation. But, the time consuming procedure restricts general application. With respect to characteristics describing substrate properties, parameters of conventional wheat quality evaluation systems are measured additionally and assigned to quantities of the mixer method. An extended data base is expected to provide with measures to select the most suitable system for classification of wheat grain and wheat flour. After all, the outlook should not omit to mention developments in conventional breeding and genetic engineering that will allow to affect starch granule characteristics, molecular structure and composition of wheat starch offering promising prospects in functionality and application of wheat starch.
Postęp w metodach frakcjonowania i badania struktury molekularnej białek glutenowych oraz rozszerzenie wiedzy na ich temat z zakresu genetyki, umożliwiły opracowanie nowej klasyfikacji. Klasyfikacja ta jest oparta bardziej na składzie i strukturze niż różnicach w rozpuszczalności. Zarówno gliadyny jak i gluteniny nazwano prolaminami. Tak zdefiniowane prolaminy podzielono na 3 grupy w oparciu o sekwencję aminokwasów występujących w białkach i chromosomową lokalizację strukturalnych genów kodujących syntezę odpowiednich białek. Należą do nich prolaminy HMW (o wysokiej masie cząsteczkowej), prolaminy ubogie w siarkę i bogate w siarkę. Badania wykazały, że zmienność lokalizacji genów strukturalnych kodujących syntezę białek glutenowych pszenicy ma wpływ na zmiany jej wartości wypiekowej. Próby genetycznej kontroli syntezy tych białek poprzez manipulowanie ekspresją odpowiednich genów mogą służyć polepszeniu wartości wypiekowej pszenicy.
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