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Epigeal movement of smoky shrews Sorex fumeus (Miller, 1895) following pre­cipitation was examined in two habitats with different moisture conditions. Shrews and invertebrates were collected in pitfall traps over several consecutive nights each month from August to November 1996 and from March to August 1997. Capture rates of smoky shrews significantly increased following rainfall at dry ridgetop sites (p = 0.001) but not at moist streamside sites (p = 0.335). In mesic environments, favorable condi­tions on the forest floor not associated with precipitation may increase movements of shrews. Available invertebrate biomass did not increase significantly with rainfall in either habitat type (p = 0.121 and 0.368). Increased surface activity by smoky shrews after rain events is probably related more to their ecophysiology than to increased prey availability.
The present study investigated the effect of different soil moisture content levels (60 – 70% SWC (soil water capacity) – control; 30 – 35% SWC – water stress) on yields, gas exchange parameters, seed health, and protein fractions of husked oat grain. The study showed that water deficit resulted in a decrease in grain weight per plant and a reduction in the gas exchange rates, primarily the photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Cladosporium cladosporioides was the dominant species on oat kernels in both experimental treatment options and in both years of the study. The presence of Fusarium poae was also found. Higher contents of prolamin, albumin and globulin fractions were found in the oat grain harvested from plants grown under soil water deficit conditions.
This study describes the effect of watering on the mycorrhizal development and growth of Scots pine seedlings in a bare root nursery. Seedlings of Scots pine, grown under nursery conditions on natural soil (loamy sand) and soil + litter, were subjected to two different watering regimes for five months. During this time, measurements of soil water potential were made. Seedlings grown in natural soil and subjected to drought conditions were of significantly greater shoot height and volume and they had one mycorrhizal morphotype more than watered seedlings. However, irrigated seedlings subjected to excessive watering possessed greater mycorrhizal colonization: 46% on natural soil and 72% on soil + litter, while non-irrigated seedlings had 36% and 67% levels of mycorrhizal colonization, respectively.
The aim of the present research work was to evaluate the influence of lithogenic conditions on the physico-chemical properties, quantity and quality of humus components in the black earths from the Małopolska Upland. Soil samples were collected from 5 soil profiles which represented proper black earth (profiles No. 1-4) and degraded black earth (profile No. 5). All the investigated soils were under sward. The examined black earths were characterised by different physico-chemical properties strongly related to the parent rock type. Their pH level and sorption capability were decreasing with a decrease in the clay content of the soil texture. Humus resources were the lowest in sandy black earths (average 212 t ha-1) and the highest in the black earh derived from clay (454 t ha1). In the humus composition of the examined black earths, humic acids dominated over fulvic acids. In the A horizons, the Ch:Cf ratio was close to 1, and lower in the upper parts of these horizons which is typical of turf soils. Humus horizons in some of the investigated black earths were classified as epipedon anthropoid according to phosphorus content soluble in 1% citric acid (109 P kg-1 soil).
Numerous environmental factors are confirmed to have significant influence on the habitat choice of invertebrates and thus on the assemblage structure. In dry, sandy grasslands the vegetation cover and height are assumed to be the most important factors in shaping the distribution of spiders and true bugs. The present study was carried out at a natural sand dune area in the Kiskunság region of the Hungarian Great Plain. Two adjacent sand dunes and the dune valley between them were sampled using a transect consisting of pitfall traps. The traps were arranged in 4 parallel transects, running from the sand dune top through the dune valley to the adjacent sand dune. Each row consisted of 40 traps, three meters apart. The effect of microhabitat parameters on the species richness and abundance of invertebrate assemblages were tested with linear regressions with forward selection procedure. A total number of 1447 spider and 1580 true-bug individuals of 58 and 55 species were collected, respectively. The mean number of spider species along the transects was 10.5 ± 3.7 and 9.8 ± 3.0 for true bugs. Although our data did not show a significant effect of the plant species number on species richness and abundance of the two studied taxa along this gradient, the results of the canonical correspondence analysis and the Mantel test emphasized the importance of the total coverage and vegetation composition on the distribution of invertebrate species. The correspondence analysis and the multivariate ANOVA revealed different spider and true-bug assemblages on the two slopes (multivariate ANOVA: Araneae: F = 3.609, P <0.001, Heteroptera: F = 5.248, P <0.001), possibly due to the more dense and diverse vegetation on the north facing slope, which is presumably brought about by the different insolation and moisture conditions of the slopes.
Compared to conventional tillage method, physical and chemical properties of soil treated with long-term zero-tillage method (direct drilling without ploughing) are different, especially soil porosity, moisture conditions, concentration of organic carbon and macronutrients. The aim of a three-year field study was to compare the content of micronutrients in soil under traditional and zero-tillage. The difference in micronutrient concentration in soil treated with different soil tillage method can affect quantity and quality of yields. The study was conducted using seven fields with 4-5 or 11 years period under diverse tillage method. Soil samples were colleted from three random points in every field on the beginning of June. Samples were obtained from two layers: 0-10 and 10-20 cm in depth using an Eijkelkamp soil sampler (diameter 2.5 cm). Micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn) in soil samples were determined by the AAS method after extraction with HCl at 1 mol dm-3. The results were compared using t-Student test. The tillage methods were found to have produced differences only in Cu concentrations in soil. However, it was impossible to point clearly which method resulted in a higher Cu concentration as the actual differences depended also on the year of study and the soil layer. The zero-tillage method compared to the conventional method did not produce differences in Mn and Zn concentrations. The general level of the three microelements and the differences in their levels in relation to a tillage method were similar in both soil layers.
Praca jest analizą mikroklimatu obszaru łąkowego, w obrębie Stacji Dydaktyczno-Badawczej w Bałdach, zlokalizowanej na Pojezierzu Olsztyńskim. Badania zrealizowano w oparciu o zasoby użytków zielonych stacji, przeznaczane przede wszystkim na wypas bydła w okresie od pierwszej dekady maja do końca października. W celu sprawdzenia wskaźników termicznych i wilgotnościowych wykonano obserwacje temperatury powietrza i wilgotności względnej na 6-ciu wysokościach: 0,05 m; 0,5 m; 1,0 m; 1,5 m; 2,0 m; 3,0 m; 4,0 m w dwóch wybranych punktach. Zostały one zlokalizowane nad ekosystemem trawiastym w terenie otwartym i na granicy z lasem. Dane o temperaturze powie-trza były zapisywane z częstotliwością 5-cio minutową w dwóch seriach pomiarowych: wiosną i jesienią, każdorazowo przez pięć dni. W wyniku pomiarów otrzymano unikalne rozkłady dobowe i godzinowe na poszczególnych wysokościach, które świadczą o znacznym zróżnicowaniu mikroklimatycznym poszczególnych punktów.
A pot experiment was conducted in vegetation house. Silt of water origin with very acidic reaction was the soil material. Interaction of three soil moisture levels was tested. They were: 14, 23.5 and 33% vol., which corresponded to 31.7, 53.0 and 74.8% field capacity, respectively. Spring barley and oat were test plants. Iron content in cereals ranged from mean to very high values. No univocal effect of moisture levels on its content in barley was found. However, oat contained the most iron at excessive moisture amount. Manganese content was high and even toxic in cereals studied. Increase of soil moisture from 14 to 23.5% caused the decrease of manganese content in oat, while further increase in moisture to 33% caused over 2-fold increase of its content. Increase of soil moisture caused the decrease of manganese content in barley. Cereals were characterised with mean and high zinc content. Zinc content decreased along with the increase of soil moisture.
Vapour pressure deficit, in addition to light and temperature, is the main meteorological element that influences the degree of transpiration rate, which in turn determines the impact of drought stress on the yield of onions. In this study we attempt to assess the effect of vapour pressure deficit on onion cultivation in Poland and present a temporal and spatial distribution of vapour pressure deficit for the years 1966–2005. During the period “end of emergence–harvest” (Ee–H), vapour pressure deficit had the greatest impact on onion yield in central western Poland and in the Sandomierz Basin (south east). In these regions the average total yield of onion was 15% lower than the long-term average for the entire country, and yields lower than the long-term average occurred every 1–2 years. A statistically significant year-to-year increase in vapour pressure deficit during the Ee-H period indicates the possibility of a further increases in the risk to onion cultivation.
Effect of variable temperature and moisture content conditions on selected properties of wood-CFRP composite Intended structural application of wood-CFRP composite requires analysis of its properties in time function, including environmental conditions changes. The paper presents results of selected mechanical and physical properties of composite, using artificial aging methods. It was shown that artificial aging cycles determined according to standards and other regulations, relating to 1 year of natural aging, caused a decrease of composite's density, as well as a significant decrease of Young's modulus, with negligible change in the values of bending strength.
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