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1

Genotypic within-colony interactions and the colony defense in Apis mellifera

100%
Borsuk G., Paleolog J.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Biology
|
2005
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tom 08
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nr 3
The authors studied how genotypic variability within colonies affects their defensive response. Different genetic types of bees were used in the experiments. The influence of the artificially generated within-colony genotypic diversity on the colony defence was investigated. Common stinging assays were performed. Time to the first sting was (TFS) and the number of stings made to the leather target within 2 minutes (NS) were recorded. The contribution of both defensive and gentle workers in the defensive response of the colonies being a physical mix of two such worker types was also studied (film analysis of the bees attacking the target). It was concluded that the within-colony, inter-worker genotypic interactions influenced the colony defense response due to the fact that the quantified value of the colony was usually not the additive composite of diverse worker groups of which the colony was composed. Moreover, the inter-worker interactions were dependent both on the quantified characteristics, which were different for TFS and NS, and on the types of the combined bees. The film analysis revealed that the contribution of defensive/gentle bees to the colony defense only partly reflect the defensive : gentle worker ratio in the colonies composed of such worker types. The contribution also depended on the types of mixed workers.
2

Relations between Formica sanguinea Latr. and Formica cinerea Mayr [Hymenoptera, Formicidae] - an unusual form of dulosis

84%
Czechowski W., Rotkiewicz W.
Annales Zoologici
|
1997
|
tom 47
|
nr 3-4
The paper is devoted to enslavement of adult Formica cinerea cinerea Mayr workers by Formica sanguinea Latr., a phenomenon hitherto unknown under natural conditions. Suc enslavement follows periodic invasions and temporary occupation of nests of slave species by F. sanguinea. During the occupation of their nest, some F. cinerea workers join the occupants colony. The studies were made m Poland and in Finland between 1994 and 1996.
3

Mixed colony of Formica pratensis Retz. plus Formica cinerea Mayr plus Formica sanguinea Latr. [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] and its presumed origin

84%
Czechowski W.
Annales Zoologici
|
2001
|
tom 51
|
nr 2
A case of a queenright colony of Formica pratensis Retz. mixed with the workers of F. cinerea Mayr and some workers of F. sanguinea Latr. is described. The colony characterized by this composition has evolved from a pure F. cinerea colony that had been raided by F. sanguinea two years earlier. Another conflict with the same F. sangui nea revealed the composition of this colony. The presumed circumstances of the origin of the specific mixed colony are discussed in this paper.
4

Do permanently mixed colonies of wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) really exist?

67%
Czechowski W., Radchenko A.
Annales Zoologici
|
2006
|
tom 56
|
nr 4
We describe the composition of two colonies of wood ants (FM-1 and FM-2) from southern Finland, identified on the basis of morphological investigations of workers (for FM-1, also of alate gynes and males) as mixed colonies comprising individuals with phenotypes typical of Formica aquilonia Yarr., F. polyctena Först, and F. rufa L. The prevailing species (phenotypes) were F. polyctena in FM-1, and F. rufa in FM-2. Colony FM-1 was observed every year in the period 1996-2006, almost from the moment it was formed. A first tentative investigation in 1999 revealed that it was already a mixed one and was probably also polygynous. Systematic follow-up investigations from 2002 to 2006 demonstrated relative stability of the proportions of individual species (phenotypes). A possible origin of this permanently mixed colony is postulated and discussed.
5

Replacement of species in wood ant colonies artificially established on islands in Southern Finland

67%
Czechowski W., Vepsalainen K.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2010
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tom 58
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nr 4
Wood ants, i.e. species of the subgenus Formica s. str., are known to be temporary social parasites of ants of the subgenus Serviformica For. However, not only Serviformica colonies are used by young wood ant queens to start their own colonies. They are also able to take over colonies, at least queenless ones, of related species of the subgenus Formica s. str. This study followed five experimental colonies of wood ants – three of hybrid Formica aquilonia × F. polyctena, one of F. aquilonia-like form, and one of F. polyctena – artificially planted on islands of the Tvärminne archipelago, S Finland. After some years, the species identity of all colonies was F. polyctena, i.e. four of them had been taken over by heterospecific queens, whose offspring gradually replaced the old workers. These findings, together with already documented existence of hybrids in wood ants, partly explain the interspecific and intracolonial, until recently unaccountable, variability in wood ants of the Formica rufa group, frequently observed in southern Finland.
6

Emancipation of slaves in Formica sanguinea Latr. colonies [Hymenoptera, Formicidae]

67%
Czechowski W.
Annales Zoologici
|
1994
|
tom 45
Formica sanguined Latr. occasionally takes wood ants as its slaves. Eleven nests of the former were experimentally provided with various amounts (10,000-250,000) of pupae of F. polyctena Foerst. or F. rufa L., and thus, mixed colonies with different proportions of slaves (29-96%) were obtained. The slaves destroyed the F. sanguinea colonies by eliminating their brood andqueen(s) (with no aggressiveness towards adult workers). The following year, even though F. sanguinea workers were still present, the slaves adopted young queens of their own species. Before their complete emancipation, the slaves fought on the side of the slavers during conflicts with conspecific ants, even against their former nestmates. Emancipation restored mutual comity between the ex-slaves and the unenslaved F. polyctena. At the same time, the ex-slavers lost their aggressiveness towards alien F. polyctena (but not vice versa). The mixed colonies were raided by foreign F. sanguinea. The studies were carried out in the Gorce Mts (the Western Carpathians) from 1987 to 1991.
7

Common activities of female sexuals of Lasius umbratus [Nyl.] and Formica sanguinea Latr. or Polyergus rufescens [Latr.] on nests of the dulotic species [Hymenoptera, Formicidae]

67%
Czechowski W., Rotkiewicz W.
Annales Zoologici
|
1997
|
tom 47
|
nr 3-4
Instances of presumed plesiobiosis (compound nests) of Lasius umbratus (Nyl.) with Formica sanguinea Latr. and of L. umbratus with Polyergus rufescens (Latr.) are presented. At the time of nuptial flights, on the surface of nests of the dulotic species (both with enslaved Formica cinerea Mayr workers) appeared young queens of a given slave-keeper and queens of L. umbratus; local workers of F. sanguinea and (or) of F. cinerea treated them in the same way. The phenomenon was observed from 1992 to 1995 near Puławy (S-E Poland).
8

The route of Formica polyctena Forst. as a factor promoting emancipation of Formica fusca L. slaves from colonies of Polyergus rufescens [Latr.] [Hymenoptera: Formicidae]

67%
Czechowski W.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2006
|
tom 54
|
nr 1
Formica fusca L. slaves from colonies of Polyergus rufescens (Latr.) tend to establish small homospecific satellite nests close to a main nest. P. rufescens maintains the integrity of a mixed colony by means of peculiar integration raids (Czechowski 2005). The present paper describes the history of a group of such satellite nests, temporarily separated from the main nest by a foraging route of Formica polyctena Först. impassable to P. rufescens. The ex-slaves had managed to adopt F. fusca gynes and raised some homospecific worker pupae before the F. polyctena route disappeared and P. rufescens started to raid their nests. During the raids, the mutual attitude of the slave-makers and the ex-slaves quickly evolved from hostility to friendly relations.
9

A rare case of overdominance in defensive behaviour of workers in honey bee colonies

67%
Borsuk G., Paleolog J.
Journal of Apicultural Science
|
2005
|
tom 49
|
nr 1
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