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The possible glacial refugia of four Campylocentrum species reported from the Darién Gap are estimated based on the ecological niche modeling. The potential migration routes of the studied species are presented. The current ranges of all species designated based on the available floristic data are compared with their potential habitats distribution.
The morphology and anatomy of the monotypic genus Trizeuxis make this taxon almost impossible to recognize in fossil material and hereby difficult object of historical geographic studies. To estimate the distribution of potential refugia during the last glacial maximum and migration routes for Trizeuxis the ecological niche modeling was performed. The potential niche modeling was done using maximum entropy method implemented in Maxent application based on the species presence-only observations. As input data climatic variables and the digital elevation model were used. Two models of suitable glacial habitats distribution were prepared – for the studied species and for its host. The compiled map of the suitable habitats distribution of T. falcata and P. guajava during the last glacial maximum (LGM) indicate two possible refugia for the studied orchid genus. The first one was located in the Madre de Dios region and the other one in the Mosquito Coast. The models suggest the existence of two migration routes of Trizeuxis species. The results indicate that the ecological niche modeling (ENM) is a useful tool for analyzing not only the possible past distribution of the species, but may be also applied to determine the migration routes of the organisms not found in the fossil material.
Within the last decades the slug Arion lusitanicus has expanded its range over wide areas of Europe, in most of them it is now a serious pest. Poland has been invaded relatively recently (since the late 1980s). Considering the ecological importance of the slug, very little is known yet about the mechanism of invasion, establishment of new populations and influence on the native fauna and flora. The analysis of nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) revealed a great inter- and intrapopulation variation in the Polish populations of A. lusitanicus. The differentiation of all the studied Polish populations of A. lusitanicus is 0.2–2.2%, while two analysed Belgian populations are monomorphic and moderately genetically diverse at 0.8%. This indicates a heterogeneous origin of the Polish populations, probably resulting from multiple independent introduction events. The genotype found in the first four Polish populations (S. Poland) suggests that their origin is different from the remaining populations.
To evaluate the geographic variability of Pinus sylvestris populations seven morphological traits of needles of pines from IUFRO 1982 provenance trial have been analyzed. The studied populations originated from northern (>55°N in Russia, Sweden and Latvia), central (55-47°N in Poland, Germany, Belgium, France, Slovakia) andsouthern (<47°N in Hungary, Bosnia, Montenegro andTurkey) European ranges of Scots pine. The analyzedprovenance trial experimental areas were locatedin Kórnik (western Poland) andin Supraśl (north-eastern Poland). The greatest variation was found in needle length and number of stomata rows on the flat and convex side of a needle, whereas number of stomata per 2mmof needle length on flat and convex side of a needle was stable, with minor interpopulational variation. Biometrical analyses revealed a significant population × location interaction anda geographical pattern in interpopulational differentiation in both experimental sites, with the northern andsouthern European Scots pine groups of provenancesdiffering significantly from the group of central origin. The results obtainedare compatible with previous results of studies on provenance variability of the Scots pine from IUFRO 1982. In the light of available data, the influence of the Balkan glacial refugia of Pinus sylvestris on a present genetic diversity of this species in Europe and the reconstruction of Scots pine migration routes after the last glacial period are discussed.
Changes in the numbers of corvids wintering in Warsaw (Central Poland), in the last sixteen years were analyzed. Four species were studied: Rook Corvus frugilegus L., Jackdaw C. monedula L., Hooded Crow C. corone cornix L. and Magpie Pica pica (L.) The results were based on density data for birds foraging in three urban parks. The bird counts were conducted in November and December 1988–2003. It was found that the number of wintering Rooks decreased significantly (0.5 fold), populations of Jackdaws and Hooded Crows – increased (4.25 and 3.95 fold, respectively), and no apparent trends were observed for Magpies during this period. Observed trends for Rooks as well as comparisons of limited data gathered earlier in other areas may confirm suggestions about the changing of migration routes of this species.
W niniejszej pracy podjęto zagadnienie śmiertelności płazów na ciągach komunikacyjnych miasta Poznania. Badaniami objęto dziewięć uprzednio wytypowanych nowych miejsc potencjalnych kolizji szlaków migracji tych zwierząt z drogami. Na podstawie wyników badań terenowych ustalono miejsca zimowania i rozrodu płazów, wskazano kierunki ich migracji oraz określono przyczyny uniemożliwiające lub ograniczające migrację do miejsc rozrodu. Podczas migracji wiosennej wypadki śmiertelności wśród płazów stwierdzono na trzech spośród dziewięciu analizowanych obiektów, przy czym największą liczbę ginących osobników zarejestrowano na stanowisku numer dwa (około 900 przypadków z gatunków ropucha szara Bufo bufo L. i żaba trawna Rana temporaria L.) oraz numer cztery (około 150 przypadków żaby trawnej). Uzyskane wyniki badań mogą być podstawą do podejmowania decyzji rozpoczęcia czynnej ochrony płazów szczególnie w tych miejscach, gdzie śmiertelność wśród przedstawicieli tej gromady podczas wiosennej i jesiennej migracji jest największa.
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