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W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych cięcia warzyw okopowych: selera, marchwi oraz pietruszki. Analiza tych wyników potwierdza istotną zależność wartości siły cięcia od miejsca poboru próbki w przekroju poprzecznym warzywa.In this report the results of experimental tests of cutting of such vegetables as cerely, carrot end parsley are presented. The analysis of results confirms the strong depandence of unit force value on the place of sampling, in cross-section of given vegetable.
Examination of raw milk samples provides important information to breeders, free practice veterinarians, inspectors, and processing facilities. Milk samples are collected at different stages of the dairy chain. The paper discusses most of the directions in which raw milk samples are tested at the stages of milk collection and storage. In order to standardize the proceedings prior to laboratory analysis, the paper cites regulations and guidelines specifying the appropriate sampling of milk, as well as the transport and storage of samples. Each sample collected for testing should be accompanied by a document that identifies the sample and the batch from which it was collected. Proper pre-analytical procedures are an important factor influencing the results of laboratory tests.
The research objective was to determine the degree of microbial contamination of the soil from a silver fox farm and animal feces in accordance to the season of the year and sampling location. The air temperature and relative humidity as well as sample moisture at the sampling sites were also evaluated. The studies were performed from October until September. Soil samples were collected from under the cages (GI), between the rows of the cages (GII) and at a distance of 30 m from the cages (GIII), whereas fox feces were taken from under the cages (KI), between the rows of the cages (KII) and 45 m from the cages (KIII). The soil and feces samples underwent qualitative and qualitative microbial assessment. The total count of mesophilic, psychrophilic, proteolytic bacteria, actinomycetes, from the group of coli and E.coli was established, according to the Polish Norms. The qualitative evaluation included genus identification of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae in compliance with commonly applied procedures. The highest bacterial count under study was found in October in the soil samples from under the cages (GI). Bacteria E. coli and Salmonella rods were recovered from the soil (GI) and (GII) throughout the year, while Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. were isolated only from some GI samples. The highest average number of bacteria in fox feces was also established in the samples collected from under the cages at the turn of December and January. It was found that increasing relative humidity significantly decreased the count of all the bacteria studied in fox feces, whereas elevated air temperature contributed to declining numbers of psychrophilic bacteria and from the coli group. In the feces samples taken throughout the research period E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. bacteria occurred, while Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. were isolated in single samples. The growth of all the studied bacteria was affected by relative humidity and sample moisture, whereas psychrophilic bacteria and from the coli group by air temperature. Microbial contamination of the environment is substantially influenced by the season of the year and the pertaining atmospheric conditions, as the largest bacterial load in soil and feces was determined in autumn and winter. The highest bacterial numbers occur in soil and feces collected from under the cages, which is associated with increased organic matter (feces and feed leftover) content and medium moisture optimal for bacteria. Therefore, it is recommended to undertake preventive measures within the sanitary-veterinary supervision aiming at improvement of the state of health of fur bearing animals.
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