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Cell orientation in potato tuber parenchyma tissue

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The paper presents the results of the research of the size and shape of parenchyma tissue cells in potato tubers depending on the direction and site of sampling in tubers. An optical confocal microscope was used to observe samples in their natural state. The investigation was carried out for 1 mm thick samples cut from cylindrical samples (10x10 mm)taken in two mutually perpendicular directions of the inner and outer core of each variety. The analysis was done ten times.The methods developed for the composition and image analysis ensure obtaining a sufficient number of cells to determine tissue structure parameters (surface, shape, elongation and number of cells per 1 mm2) and decays of these parameters were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using the -Kolmogorov-Smirnov compliance test.Arelationship between the direction of sampling and the size and shape of the inner core of cells was found. Greater surface area and elongation of the inner core cells for the longitudinal direction in the tuber (stolon – top) was demonstrated. There was no such a correlation for the outer core in the tubers of the cultivars examined.
Scanning microscopic analysis cell structure of 8 apple cultivars was carried out. For each variety, skin and flesh, cut and broken preparation was made to research microstructure of apple tissue. The results revealed differences in shape, cell size, thickness of cellular wall, distribution and size intracellular spaces and other fruit texture features of apple varieties tissue. In microscopic picture some varieties of apple were found. Some dependence between structure of apple tissue and sensory assessment of fruit was found too.
Water 2% starch suspensions prepared from native cereal starches (wheat, corn) and tuber ones (potato, tapioca) as well as their acetates were cooked at 100°C for 1 h. The obtained pastes were cooled to 25°C and stored at 4°C for 56 days. Rétrogradation of 2% pastes was determined in two ways: as actual changes in the turbidity development, and as relative rates of turbidity between gels during 56 days of storage. The obtained results showed that the development of turbidity of the native and consequently acetylated starches followed the order: wheat > corn starch > potato > tapioca. Rétrogradation evoked significant changes in microscopic pictures of pellets and supernatants obtained by LM and SEM examinations. The pictures varied considerably in amylose distribution. These alternations were unique for each botanical source of starch as well as starch acetates. The native cereal starches were characterized by a strong association of amylose particles with amylopectin fraction. While the tuber starches showed a weaker interaction between granule remnants and precipitated amylose. Changes in the microstructure of the native and acetylated starch granules were in accordance with turbidometric analysis.
The Rendement Napole gene (RN) consists of a mutation at the γ3 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in pigs. AMPK works as an energy level sensor and controls numerous cellular pathways. The study aimed at identifying the differences in microstructure occurring between the normal porcine meat and porcine meat encoded by the RN gene. Using molecular techniques 194 commercial pigs were sampled to determine their genotypes. Meat from the semimembranosus muscle was examined using optic (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The genotypes rnI/rnI, rnV/rnV, rnV/rnI, RN/rnV and RN/rnI were identified. OM revealed broadening of the sarcoplasmic space in RN animals, while TEM showed disordering of muscle fibres and alteration of the sarcomeric structure. Mitochondrial degradation was found in both RN and normal animals,however, the morphological changes observed seemed to be caused by the mutated AMPK.
Changes in chemical properties, mineralogical composition and microstructure of the taiga surface-gley forest and cultivated soils were studied. The cultivated soil was previously drained, limed and manured. Different dozes of NPK were applied during 5 and 20 years. Perennial grasses were grown on the plots studied. Long - term application of small dozes of NPK (40 - 100 kg ha⁻¹) contributed to a biological transformation of arable horizons and formed a high quantity of biogenic pores and aggregates. Improvement of water permeability and drainage caused removal of the organo-mineral compounds from the upper horizons. These compounds were accumulated near drains. In our experiments, optimal dozes of NPK applied to form biogenic aggregates were N120 P120 K120 and N240 P240 K240. The higher dozes of NPK caused an increase in both the humus and iron removal and destruction of aggregates. Mineralogical composition was determined by the X-ray and immersion methods in fractions: >0.01, 0.01 - 0.001. and <0.001 mm. The higher and non-balanced dozes of NPK contributed to the changes in minerals containing the biophilic elements (micas, chlorites, amphiboles) in the coarse-textured fractions of soils. The fertilizer’s potassium was fixed by labile clay minerals and transformed to a weakly available form for plants. Dozes of N120 P120 K120 were optimal. These dozes did not cause noticeable changes in minerals, but resulted in significant grass yield.
In this brief review I explain the method of quantitatively describing prismatic enamel microstructure in multituberculates, to facilitate its practical use by paleontologists. I argue that histogenesis of gigantoprismatic enamel in many multituberculate taxa must have been quite exceptional in mammals. Future studies of enamel in plesiomorphic “plagiaulacidan” multituberculates are necessary to elucidate the evolutionary phases of enamel micromorphology toward prismatic mammalian enamel generally, and perhaps as a consequence, the origin of the successful (Late Cretaceous–Eocene) multituberculate suborder Cimolodonta and relationships among its subgroups. Such studies should therefore include calculation of numerical prism densities whenever possible.
Research was conducted to recognize interrelations between morphology and mechanical properties of starch. Microscopic examination, determination of particle size distribution, as well as direct shear and uniaxial compression testing were performed on five types of starch extracted out of: potato, wheat, corn, tapioca and amaranth. Regarding geometrical features (morphology) of granules, three distinct groups of materials were distinguished. Classification of materials based on the results of mechanical testing was found in a close agreement with classification based on morphology. Potato and wheat starches that had relatively large granules (d(0.5) of 41.5 and 20.2 µm) and bimodal particle size distribution showed stress–strain curves with fluctuations, particularly high in the case of potato starch. Tapioca and corn starches had smaller granules of similar sizes (d(0.5) of 15.6 and 13.8 µm, respectively). The uniaxial compression stress–strain curves of the two materials were also very similar, as well as their angles of internal friction. Granules of amaranth starch with d(0.5) of 3.0 µm were several times smaller than those of corn and tapioca starches (parameter d(0.5) is the size in microns at which 50% of the sample is smaller and 50% is larger). As a result, amaranth starch was characterized by relatively weak compressibility and flowability, the lowest of all the materials tested.
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