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To further explore the finding that peptides derived from specifically exposed regions of band 3 inhibited sickle cell adhesiveness in vitro, we examined the effects of such peptides with human sickle cells in the mouse microcirculation in vivo. Human red cells were loaded with the fluorescent dye BCECF, and infused into the arterial circulation of anaesthetized mice. The microcirculation of several tissues was examined in a specially designed warm-stage microscope with stroboscopic epi-fluorescent illumination. Adhesive events were video-recorded and quantified after peptide infusion and after treatment of the mice with various biological modifiers. An adhesive index (AI), proportionate to the number of adhesive events per number of cells entering a vessel, was calculated. Sickle cells (SS) were found to be more adhesive than normal cells particularly in small vessels such as post-capillary venules of the cremaster muscle (AI 2.3 vs 0.5). Moreover, endothelium activation substantially increased SS adhesiveness (e.g., AI 8.3 after pretreatment with platelet activating factor (PAF), 5.8 with tumor necrosis factor, and 8.7 with thrombin-activated mouse platelets). A band 3 peptide which blocked SS adhesiveness in vitro inhibited much of the increased adhesiveness of SS cells (e.g., in the PAF-treated mouse AI 2.8 vs 8.3, vs pretreatment control 2.3). No inhibitory effect was seen with a control peptide with the same composition but a scrambled sequence. These preliminary findings suggest that the inhibitory activity of specific band 3 sequences on SS adhesiveness is retained in vivo and extend the previous in vitro demonstration of an adhesive role for these exposed band 3 sequences. In addition, they imply a substantial role for endothelial and/or platelet activation in the adhesiveness of sickle cells in vivo. Finally, they demonstrate the utility of direct visualization of the mouse microcirculation for studying the adhesiveness of human cells.
Production of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites - prostacyclin (PGI2) in large vessels and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in microcirculation is intrinsically involved in maintenance of vascular wall homeostasis. EA.hy 926 is a hybrid cell line, is derived by fusion of HUVEC with A549 cells. The aim of this study was to examine the production of prostacyclin and PGE2 in resting and IL-1ß-stimulated EA.ha 926 cells, in comparison with its progenitor cells. Non-stimulated EA.hy 926 cells has been found to produce much lower amounts of prostacyclin than resting HUVEC. Resting hybrid cells produced more PGE2 than prostacyclin, despite they expressed high levels of COX-1 and PGI2 synthase. On the contrary to HUVEC and A549, EA.hy 926 cells did not respond to IL-1ß with COX-2 induction and increase of prostaglandin production, however they did it in response to lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The characteristics of EA.hy 926 cells in terms of the pattern of prostanoid formation could facilitate studies on endothelial metabolism and role of these important lipid mediators.
The aim of the present study was the comparative analysis of morphological changes found in the pulmonary microcirculation of pregnant rabbits in the course of experimental septic shock induced by endotoxin administration. Sixteen female rabbits, white Dutch, c.3 kg of mean body weight were used in the experiments. The endotoxin of Escherichia coli, serotype S.0127:138 (Sigma) was applied intraperitoneally in a single dose of 100 μg/kg b.w. Morphological examinations were based on the ultrastructural analysis with the transmission electron microscope. Severe damage of endothelial cells (necrosis inclusive) was observed in endotoxin-treated rabbits. The vascular lumen in these animals showed cellular aggregation of neutrophils and platelets in particular, as well as microthrombi. Some of the blood vessels showed fragments of megakaryocytes. An increased tendency towards the development of these changes was noted in pregnant rabbits. The study confirmed that the lungs may be an important site of extramedullary thrombopoiesis in the course of septic shock especially during pregnancy.
Introduction. Comprehensive therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), apart from pharmacological treatment, also necessitates an implementation of specialized procedures aimed at improving the mobility, stamina and strength of affected joints. Physical treatments used for the rehabilitation of patients with RA are most often related to thermal stimuli and change the temperature of the tissues. Each change of that kind is linked to the adequate vascular reaction and the changes in blood circulation within the affected area. Aim of the Study. The aim of this present study was to examine vascular changes in rheumatoid hand occurring as a physiological response to the mild thermal stimulus being applied, accounting for individual differences in its progress. Material and Methods. The research embraced 32 patients aged 54.9 ± 6.8 with diagnosed RA according to the standards of American College of Rheumatology. For physical therapy a conventional infrared lamp emitting A, B, C waves with a red colour filter was used. The area under treatment was the dorsal side of the hand. Each subject had eight thermographic pictures taken at the pre-defined time intervals: before the application, immediately after the application, and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 minutes after the application. Results. The results were shown in a form of graphic reaction progress of the heated and unheated (contralateral) hand. Average static temperatures of both hands did not show any differences (31.8 ± 1.7°C – heated hand; 31.9 ± 1.8°C – unheated hand). Maximum temperature was obtained immediately following the IR lamp application: 35.0 ± 1.2°C for the heated hand and 32.2 ± 2.1°C for the unheated one. Among all analyzed diagrams showing reaction progress following IR application, four individual groups with the most similar results were formed. Conclusions. For all the patients in the study, a comparable decrease in tissue temperature initially increased by IR application was noted within the next 45 minutes following the application. No subject observed any undesirable reactions.
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Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage

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The main consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, for those who survive bleeding, is delayed, persistent vasospasm of intracranial conduit arteries which occurs between the third and seventh day after the insult and results in symptomatic brain ischemia in about 40% of cases. This vasospasm is considered to be a major cause of disability of post-SAH patients. Despite extensive experimental and clinical research, mechanisms of vasospasm are not fully understood. Dysfunction of the endothelium resulting in enhanced production of vasoconstrictors, phenotypic changes of the receptors in endothelium and smooth muscle cells, increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle cells to vasoconstrictors, release of spasmogens from lysed blood clot and inflammatory response of the vascular wall have been demonstrated and discussed as pathological mechanisms participating in the development of spasm. In recent years more attention is paid to the functional and structural changes in microcirculation and a concept of microvascular spasm is evolving. Our experimental studies in rat model of SAH strongly suggest that microcirculatory dysfunction and delayed vasospasm are related to the severity of acute, transient ischemia caused by critical decrease of perfusion pressure and active vasoconstriction immediately after the bleeding.
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Specific features and roles of renal circulation: angiotensin II revisited

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The status of intrarenal circulation determines in part renal excretion, affects body fluid homeostasis and has a role in long term control of arterial blood pressure. The vascular resistance in the renal cortex and medulla is determined by interaction of a vast array of vasoactive hormones and paracrine factors; among these the role of constrictor angiotensin II and dilator prostaglandins and nitric oxide may appear to be dominating. The focus of this review and underlying studies is on the mechanisms whereby the microcirculation of the renal medulla is protected against the vasoconstrictor action of angiotensin II. In anaesthetized normal rats the three mentioned active agents or their inhibitors were applied and total renal blood flow and cortical, outer- and inner medullary laser-Doppler fluxes were determined; in some studies renal tissue nitric oxide was measured using selective electrodes. We conclude that angiotensin II, acting via AT1 receptors, constricts the renal cortical vasculature; in the medulla its action is effectively buffered by prostaglandin E2 but most probably not by nitric oxide.
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