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Microbial quality of water in dental unit reservoirs

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Microbial quality of water in a dental unit is of considerable importance since patients and dental staff are regularly exposed to water and aerosol generated by the unit. Water delivered to a dental unit by the so-called independent water system is the water coming from a reservoir which, at the same time, is an initial part of dental unit waterlines (DUWL). Thus, microbiological quality of this water is extremely important for the quality of water flowing from dental handpieces. The aim of the study was to assess microbiologically the water contained in dental unit reservoirs. Water samples were collected aseptically from the water reservoirs of 19 dental units. Results concerning microbial contamination: potable water quality indices, and detection and isolation of Legionella species bacteria, were presented. Over a half of the samples did not comply with the norms for potable water. In 63.1% of the cases, the number of colony forming units (cfu/ml) and of coliform organisms significantly exceeded acceptable values. Enterococcus was not detected in the samples of examined water. Similarly, no Legionella were found in the samples of dental unit reservoirs water. Reservoirs as water supplies and initial segment of DUWL should be subject to protocol to eliminate microbial contamination and routine monitoring to guarantee an appropriate quality of water used in dental treatment.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degree of microbial air contamination in three laboratory rooms designed for raising broiler chickens under identical conditions, in the summer and winter. It was found that in identical poultry houses and under identical management conditions, certain differences can be observed with regard to temperature and humidity parameters and the degree of microbial air contamination, both in the summer and winter. The concentrations of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi were higher in the winter than in the summer in all rooms. Various levels of microbial air contamination had no effect on broiler production results.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of photocatalytic ionisation as a disinfection method for filter materials contaminated by microorganisms, and to assess how air relative humidity (RH), time and microbe type influence the effectiveness of this disinfection. In the quantitative analysis of a used car air filter, bacterial contamination equalled 1.2×10⁵ cfu/cm² , fungal contamination was 3.8×10⁶ cfu/cm² , and the isolated microorganisms were Aspergillus niger, Bacillus megaterium, Cladosporium herbarum, Cryptococcus laurenti, Micrococcus sp., Rhodotorula glutinis and Staphylococcus cohnii. In the model experiment, three isolates (C. herbarum, R. glutinis, S.cohnii) and 3 ATCC species (A. niger, E.coli, S. aureus) were used for photocatalytic ionisation disinfection. The conditions of effective photocatalytic ionisation disinfection (R≥99.9%) were established as 2–3 h at RH=77% (bacteria) and 6–24 h at RH=53% (fungi). RH has an influence on the effectiveness of the photocatalytic disinfection process; the highest effectiveness was obtained for bacteria at RH=77%, with results 5% higher than for RH=49%. The studies show that the sensitivity of microorganisms to photocatalytic ionisation disinfection is ordered as follows: Gram-positive bacteria (S.cohnii, S. aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (E.coli), yeasts (R. glutinis), and moulds (C. herbarum, A. niger). Of all the mathematical models used for the description of death dynamics after photocatalytic ionisation disinfection, the Chick-Watson model is the most useful, but for more resistant microorganisms, the delayed Chick-Watson model is highly recommended. It therefore seems, that the presented disinfection method of photocatalytic ionisation can be successfully used to clean filtration materials.
In recent years, microwave heating has become a common method for pasteurization and sterilization of food. Honey is a sweet substance produced by worker honeybees from nectar of flowers. The major microbial contaminants include moulds and yeasts, as well as the spore-forming bacteria, being their counts indicative of honeys' commercial quality and safety. Paenibacillus larvae is also of interest since it causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honeybee larvae. The main quality factors that are used in the honey international trade are moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural content (HMF), and enzymatic indices. Moreover, honey exhibits several thermal events, the most important being the glass transition temperature (Tg). The aim of this work was to evaluate microwave effect (800 watts during 45 and 90 seconds) on microbial content in particular over P larvae spores retained in honey, and on physicochemical and thermal properties. Microwave promoted a decrease of microbial count with time of exposure, including P larvae. Moisture content diminished after treatment, while Tg increased linearly, and acidity decremented in the majority of cases. Honeys darkened and HMF exceeded the permissible value. Diastase and glucose-oxidase enzymes were totally inactivated by microwave treatment.
The investigation was carried out by evaluating the microbiological characteristics of the water before and after treatment with Er:YAG laser and turbine. The study was carried out in 2 dental surgeries. In both cases the laser and dental units were served by two independent circuits, fed by the same potable tap water. Samples were taken from the water supplying and the water leaving the turbine and laser before and after treatment on the same patient. Total heterotrophic plate count was measured at 36oC and at 22oC, and the presence of Staphylococcus species and non-fermenting Gram negative bacteria was investigated. Bacterial contamination was found within the circuit, especially in the laser device. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in only 1 sample of supply water, in 11.1% and in 19.4% of the samples from the turbine and the laser respectively. No evidence of Staphylococcus aureus was found. The contamination of supply water was low, whereas that of the water leaving the handpieces of the 2 devices was high, especially in the laser. Attention should be paid to the control of the water leaving laser devices, given the increasingly wide use of such instruments in dental treatment exposed to risk of infection.
Microbiological control of water quality in dental units waterlines is extremely significant for patients and dental personnel. Based on the latest scientific literature, ways of reducing microbial contamination of dental treatment water and biofilm elimination are presented. The use of disinfectants, drying, and flushing are described. Further research to evaluate effectiveness, convenience on a day-to-day basis and economic aspects of various methods is required.
The effect of wheat grain preparing to milling, and milling process on grain and flour bacteria, mould and yeast number was evaluated. It was found, that however grain preparing to milling mostly reduce total microbiological contamination, tempering of grain increase number of yeast and mould spores on surface of kernels. It influences the number of such microorganisms in the patent flour.
Ergosterol jest najważniejszym sterolem tworzonym przez większość grzybów i jest stosowany jako chemiczny wskaźnik obecności zasiedlających grzybów. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu temperatury i wilgotności nasion rzepaku na ich jakość mikrobiologiczną. W pracy oceniano skażenie mikrobiologiczne rzepaku na podstawie poziomu stężenia ergosterolu. Materiałem badawczym były nasiona rzepaku odmiany Californium przechowywane w komorze termostatycznej (25±1 i 30±1°C) wyposażonej w trzy aparaty higrostatyczne służące do utrzy-mania wilgotności względnej powietrza na stałym poziomie. Przed rozpoczęciem eksperymentu rzepak nawilżano do wilgotności 10,5; 12,5; 15,5% (w.b). Nasiona przechowywano do czasu, aż ich zdolność kiełkowania obniżyła się poniżej 75%. Podczas przechowywania, co 6 dni, pobierano próby do badań. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały istotny wpływ wilgotności nasion i temperatury przechowywania na przyrost stężenia ergosterolu.
The assessment of exposure to bioaerosols in damp houses of two children who suffered from perennial rhinitis and asthma was performed. The paper presents an approach to the complex (i.e., medical and environmental) treatment of allergic diseases.
The aim of our research was to verify selected methods to determine microbial activity during extraction process in term of speed, simplicity and accurancy of the analysis. Indirect methods – enzymatic determination of L-lactic acid, isotachophoretic determination of lactic acid, pH, as well nitrite amounts determination were verified. The results of these methods were compared with those of direct one – determination of bacteria counts (mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria). The determination of L-lactic acid by enzymatic device MICROZYM – L is very simple and rapid. But in same cases L-lactic acid does not indicate a true microbial situation in extractor. The determination of total lactic acid (L + D isomers) is more adequate for detection of contamination in extractor. The results of the nitrite amount determination did not confirm the sanitary situation found out by measurment of lactic acid, pH and bacteria counts in some cases.
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