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The metazoan parasite assemblage of the head of 30 specimens of the Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) from the western Mediterranean Sea was analysed. Eight species of parasites were found, four mazocraeid monogeneans: Grubea cochlear (prevalence = 10%), Kuhnia scombercolias (59%), K. scombri (52%), Pseudokuhnia minor (86%); three didymozoid trematodes: Nematobothrium cf. faciale (21%), N. filiforme (41%), N. scombri (7%); and one laerneopodid copepod: Clavelissa scombri (7%). Results were compared with previously published data from 14 localities of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, using non-parametric univariate and multivariate analyses, and the whole parasite fauna of S. colias was compared with that of the congeners (S. australasicus, S. japonicus and S. scombrus). Parasites showed to reflect the biogeographical and phylogenetic history of host. From a methodological point of view, the use of both non-parametric univariate and multivariate techniques proved to be effective tools to detect dissimilarities between parasite assemblages.
Differences in the parasite faunas of wild and farmed populations of the northern scallops, Argopecten purpuratus, from northern Chile, were compared. Infections of tapeworm larvae (plerocercoids of Acanthobothrium sp. and Rhinebothrium sp.) do not occur in the farmed scallops owing to unsuitable conditions for transmission, whereas, by contrast, there is a significantly higher occurrence of the burrowing polychaeta Polydora sp. in farmed conditions. These results can be explained in that farming conditions preclude completion of the tapeworm life cycle, since the infective stage cannot access the scallops suspended in the water column. Meanwhile crowding in the farmed population, as compared to the wild one, may favor infection by Polydora sp.
Thirty-two specimens of Bufo ictericus (Spix, 1824), 22 males and 10 females, collected in Miguel Pereira, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from April 2002 to August 2003, were examined for presence of metazoan parasites. Thirty-one (97%) specimens of B. ictericus were parasitized by one or more metazoan species. Sixteen species of parasites were collected: 2 digeneans, 13 nematodes, and 1 ixodid tick. The endoparasites represented 82.3% of the total number of parasite specimens collected. Bufo ictericus is a new host record for: Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922, Oswaldocruzia lopesi Freitas et Lent, 1938, O. mazzai Travassos, 1935, O. subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819), Oxyascaris sp., Parapharyngodon alvarengai Freitas, 1957, Rhabdias elegans Gutierrez, 1945 and R. sphaerocephala Goodey, 1924. The digenean Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi, 1819) was the most abundant species and the ixodid Amblyomma rotundatum (Koch, 1844) was the most prevalent in the parasite community of B. ictericus. The metazoan parasite species of B. ictericus showed the typical aggregated pattern of distribution of most parasite systems. There was no influence of host weight on parasite abundance and prevalence. Only one parasite species, M. monas, showed an influence of host sex on its abundance and prevalence. One pair of endoparasite species, O. lopesi and M. monas, showed an association in the infracommunities of B. ictericus. As in other parasite communities of Bufo species, the parasite community of B. ictericus was dominated by nematodes.
Sixty-one specimens of the piranha Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1837 were analyzed, aiming at assessing the community structure of their gill parasites. The samples were collected in lagoons of the Paraná, Ivinheima and Baia Subsystems within the Upper Paraná River Floodplain (Brazil). Host size and sex had little or no influence on the abundance and prevalence of parasites. The organization of the gill parasite infracommunities of S. marginatus was significantly non-random according to null models and ordination analyses. In general, parasite infrapopulations were not affected by interspecific associations or host characteristics (e.g. size, sex), what highlights the importance of local habitat characteristics to community organization of gill parasites of S. marginatus in the Upper Paraná River Floodplain.
Communities of parasites of European perch from lake Łebsko were studied and compared with similar communities from the Polish coastal zone. Parasites comprised 18 autogenic and 5 allogenic species. Most individual parasites belonged to allogenic species and were in larval stages. The majority of specimens were eye parasites with Tylodelphys clavata as the eudominant species. The dominant species, Acanthocephalus lucii, belongs to the intestine parasite community. Three marine species were found: Bothriocephalus scorpii, Hysterothylacium aduncum and Echinorchynhus gadi. The results indicate that the parasite fauna consists mostly of freshwater species, common in various types of European waters, while marine species were rarely observed.
Zoographical distribution of metazoan fish parasites in herring, Clupea harengus, from the Baltic Sea was analysed in order to use them as potential biological indicators. A total of 210 herring from six different sampling sites were investigated, harbouring 12 different parasite species [five digeneans (D), one cestode (C), three nematodes (N) and three acanthocephalans (A)]. The distribution of the parasite species differed according to region, with a distinct gradient of decreasing species richness towards the east of the Baltic Sea. The western localities at Kiel Bay, Rügen and Poland had the highest parasite diversity, including the marine parasite species Anisakis simplex (s.s.) (N), Brachyphallus crenatus and Hemiurus luehei (both D). The eastern localities had low parasite species richness, predominated by the freshwater digenean Diplostomum spathaceum. We could identify three different Baltic herring stocks, the spring-spawning herring of the western Baltic reaching from the Kattegat to the German and Polish coast, the stock of the central Baltic proper and the northern stock of C. harengus var. membras of the Gulf of Finland. The limited distribution of the herring parasites within the Baltic Sea enables their use as biological indicators for migration patterns and stock separation. The acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis that has already been used as an accumulation bioindicator for heavy metals was only recorded for the western herring stocks. However, the presence of mainly generalistic parasites and their uneven distribution patterns make their use as indicators for regional environmental and global change more difficult.
Hypocreadium caputvadum sp. nov. (Digenea, Lepocreadiidae) is described from the intestine of Balistes capriscus Gmelin collected from the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia) in the southern Mediterranean Sea. This new species can be distinguished by a combination of characteristics shared by no other described species of Hypocreadium Ozaki, 1936. These characteristics include the presence of a distinct anterior notch, the follicular vitellarium confluent in the forebody, the presence of a muscular sphincter at the level of the anterior third of the metraterm and the size and the position of the cirrus-sac.
Throughout 3 years, a total of 721 various fish species, from the Łebsko Lagoon were examined. The most abundant groups of parasites were Digenea and Crustacea. Metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Nordmann, 1832) were found only in Cyprinidae (highest prevalence in rudd – 62.5%, and mean intensity in roach 12.71 indiv.). Metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. and Tylodelphys clavata (Nordmann, 1832), and also copepods Ergasilus sieboldi Nordmann, 1832 occurred in majority of examined fish species. The highest infection with Diplostomum spp. was noted in rudd (prev. 50.0%, int. 11.25 indiv.). T. clavata occurred with highest prevalence in pike (46.15%) and mean intensity amounted to 54.7 indiv. in perch. E. sieboldi was reported mostly from zander with typical for this fish Achtheres percarum (Nordmann, 1832) (prev. 75.0% and 92.86%; int. 6.0 indiv. and 10.92 indiv. respectively). Also nematode Anguillicola crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi and Hagaki, 1974) was noted with high prevalence 76.47% in eel. The remaining parasites species were noted less frequently.
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