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The aim of the study was to examine the allelic frequency of the -3826A>G mutation of UPC1 in patients with familiar obesity and to investigate putative association of this polymorphism with metabolic disorders. One hundred and eighteen overweight / obese patients participated in the study. The UCP1 polymorphism was determined by RFLP. Glucose, lipid, insulin and leptin levels were measured both during OGTT and OLTT. The majority of patients had a homozygous A/A genotype (51,38%), while 14,68% had a G/G genotype. We found no significant association of the G allele with either BMI or glucose tolerance. Patients with the homozygous G/G genotype had significantly higher fasting levels of TG (p<0.04) and decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol (p=0,004). They also had an increased concentration of FFA and the rise of TG levels during the OLTT compared to controls was significant (p=0,058). In addition, the carriers of the G/G genotype had the lowest insulin levels both during OGTT and OLTT. In our study we have demonstrated that the -3826A>G polymorphism of UCP1 does not play a major role in the development of obesity and/or disturbances of glucose metabolism. However, the increased levels of TG and FFA and decreased levels of HDL observed in carriers of the G allele suggest FFA-induced impairment of the HDL turnover and disturbance of the ß-cell function, both of which are risk factors for endothelial injury.
Doświadczenie przeprowadzono na 114 prosiętach różnej płci, podzielonych na grupę kontrolną, którą stanowiło 30 zdrowych zwierząt i doświadczalną obejmującą 84 prosięta z nieżytem przewodu pokarmowego. W badaniach biochemicznych uwzględniono aktywność α-amylazy w surowicy krwi i w moczu oraz lipazy w surowicy krwi. Ponadto oznaczano poziom witaminy A w surowicy, kreatyninę w moczu i surowicy. W kale oznaczano zawartość tłuszczów oraz jego pH. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań należy stwierdzić, że występujące w przebiegu nieżytu przewodu pokarmowego zaburzenia metaboliczne mogą prowadzić do upośledzenia zewnątrzwydzielniczej sekrecji trzustki. Niedoczynność trzustki w zakresie syntezy amylazy i lipazy powoduje zaburzenia trawienia i występowanie na tym tle zespołu upośledzonego wchłaniania.
Background. Abnormal body mass and related metabolic disorders may affect female reproductive health. Objectives. To determine the prevalence of under- and overweight, and also related metabolic disorders, among women at procreative age in Warsaw. Materials and Methods. 164 non-pregnant women at procreative age (20-49 years) living in Warsaw, who in 2011-2012 participated in the WAW-KARD cross-sectional study of the Warsaw population, assigned to 3 age groups: 20-29 years (n=17), 30-39 years (n=78) and 40-49 years (n=69). Results. Under- and overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity was found in respectively 1.2%, 25%, 12.2% and 37.2% of the participants. Prevalence of excessive body mass tended to increase with age. Hypercholesterolemia was shown in 42.7% of the whole group and was particularly widespread in the oldest females (56.5%). Prevalence of low serum HDL-cholesterol levels (found in 13.4% of the whole group) tended to increase with age, on the borderline of statistical significance. The mean fasting glucose level was 5.0 ± 0.4 mmol/l and tended to increase with age. Impaired fasting glucose concerned 7.7% and 10.6% of females in age groups of 30-39 and 40-49 years respectively, and diabetes 4.4% of females 40-49 years old. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the whole group was 10.4% and 7.3% respectively; prevalence of MS tended to increase with age, on the borderline of statistical significance. Conclusions. Overweight and obesity, especially of abdominal type, are prevalent in women at procreative age in Warsaw. Disturbances of lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as arterial hypertension and MS, are also frequent. Prevalence of many of them tended to increase with age. Some of the women exhibited diabetes.
It is well documented that physical activity can induce a number of various stimuli which are able to enhance the strength and endurance performance of muscles. Moreover, regular physical activity can preserve or delay the appearance of several metabolic disorders in the human body. Physical exercise is also known to enhance the mood and cognitive functions of active people, although the physiological backgrounds of these effects remain unclear. In recent years, since the pioneering study in the past showed that physical activity increases the expression of the brain derived neurothophic factor (BDNF) in the rat brain, a number of studies were undertaken in order to establish the link between that neurothrophin and post-exercise enhancement of mood and cognitive functions in humans. It was recently demonstrated that physical exercise can increase plasma and/or serum BDNF concentration in humans. It was also reported that physical exercise or electrical stimulation can increase the BDNF expression in the skeletal muscles. In the present review, we report the current state of research concerning the effect of a single bout of exercise and training on the BDNF expression in the brain, in both the working muscles as well as on its concentrations in the blood. We have concluded that there may be potential benefits of the exercise-induced enhancement of the BDNF expression and release in the brain as well as in the peripheral tissues, resulting in the improvement of the functioning of the body, although this effect, especially in humans, requires more research.
Badaniem objęto 25 krów rasy czarno-białej, w wieku 4-8 lat, o wysokiej wydajności mlecznej (średnia wydajność mleczna krów wynosiła 5123). W dziennej dawce żywieniowej krowy otrzymywały 30 kg kiszonki z kukurydzy, 20 kg buraków, 3 kg siana oraz paszę treściwą do 2 kg dziennie. Wszystkie krowy były badane klinicznie, a materiał - krew i mocz - od nich pobrany poddano analizom laboratoryjnym. Badania prowadzono czterokrotnie: 2 tygodnie przed poro­dem, tydzień, miesiąc i 2 miesiące po porodzie. Jednorazowo przeprowadzono badania koproskopowe i badanie moczu. W zakresie badań hematologicznych oznaczano Ht, Hb, Erys, w zakresie badań biochemicznych - poziom białka całkowitego i jego frakcji, aktywność AspAT, GGTP, AP, ChE, stężenie glukozy, WKT i związków ketonowych. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na istnienie zaburzeń u badanych krów, polegających na zachwianiu gospodarki energetycznej. Oznaczane wskaźniki okazały się wystarczające do ich diagnozowania. Powyższe badania dały podstawę do prowa­dzenia postępowania zapobiegawczego i terapeutycznego.
A Western-type diet, characterized by a significant share of highly processed and refined foods and high content of sugars, salt, fat and protein from red meat, has been recognized as an important factor contributing to the development of metabolic disorders and the obesity epidemic around the world. Excessive body fat causes metabolic pathologies, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer. According to the World Health Organization 1.5 billion adults are overweight, nearly 500 million are obese and 220 million suffer from type 2 diabetes. The Western-type diet is also associated with an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease. It is known that a combination of nutrients typical for this diet contributes to impaired renal function, renal steatosis and inflammation, hypertension and dysfunctional renal hormonal regulation. The Western diet is also associated with a chronic inflammatory process that is involved in all stages of atherosclerosis development and is increasingly recognized as a universal mechanism of various chronic degenerative diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, some neoplasms or osteoporosis. The present article is focused on the results of the most recent research investigating the effects of dietary macronutrients and the type of fatty acids on selected mechanisms associated with the occurrence of the most common diet-related diseases.
In spite of significant progress in pharmacotherapy the incidence of newly diagnosed cases of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular morbidity is alarmingly high. Treatment of hypertension or heart failure still remains a serious challenge. Continuous attempts are made to identify the mechanisms that decide about susceptibility to pathogenic factors, and to determine effectiveness of a specific therapeutic approach. Coincidence of cardiovascular diseases with metabolic disorders and obesity has initiated intensive research for their common background. In the recent years increasing attention has been drawn to disproportionately greater number of depressive disorders and susceptibility to stress in patients with coronary artery disease. An opposite relationship, i.e. a greater number of sudden cardiovascular complications in patients with depression, has been also postulated. Progress in functional neuroanatomy and neurochemistry provided new information about the neural network responsible for regulation of cardiovascular functions, metabolism and emotionality in health and under pathological conditions. In this review we will focus on the role of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters engaged in regulation of the cardiovascular system, neuroendocrine and metabolic functions in health and in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Among them are classical neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA), classical (CRH, vasopressin, neuropeptide Y) and newly discovered (orexins, apelin, leptin IL-1ßeta, TNF-alpha, ghrelin) neuropeptides, gasotransmitters, eicozanoids, endocannabinoids, and some other compounds involved in regulation of neuroendocrine, sympatho-adrenal and parasympathetic nervous systems. Special attention is drawn to those factors which play a role in immunology and inflammatory processes. Interaction between various neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory systems which may be involved in integration of metabolic and cardiovascular functions is analyzed. The survey gives evidence for significant disturbances in release or action of the same mediators in hypertension heart failure, obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, starvation, chronic stress, depression and other psychiatric disorders. With regard to the pathogenic background of the cardiovascular diseases especially valuable are the studies showing inappropriate function of angiotensin peptides, vasopressin, CRH, apelin, cytokines and orexins in chronic stress, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The studies surveyed in this review suggest that multiple brain mechanisms interact together sharing the same neural circuits responsible for adjustment of function of the cardiovascular system and metabolism to current needs.
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