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Conventional and C-banding chromosome studies and nuclear DN A estimations were performed on six Bromus species (B. arvensis, 2n = 2x = 14; B. hordeaceus, 2n = 4x = 28; B. carinatus, 2n = 8x = 56; B. willdenowii, 2n = 6x = 42; B. erectus, 2n = 8x = 56; and B. inermis, 2n = 8x = 56) belonging to three subgenera: subg. Bromus, subg. Ceratochloa and subg. Festucaria. Three species (B. carinatus, B. erectus and B. inermis) show different chromosome numbers within root-tip meristem. Root-tip cells of these high polyploid species (2n = 8x = 56) showed substantial DNA variability. Densitometric and flow-cytometric analyses clearly showed that many interphase nuclei are beyond the expected 2C-4C limit characteristic of cycling cells. The most distinct DNA instabilities were observed in B. carinatus, where we found especially high numerical chromosome variations and many chromosome numbers higher and lower than 2n = 8x = 56. Such quantitative DNA variability is substantially reduced beyond the meristematic part of the roots and virtually absent within leaf mesophyll cells. Estimated nuclear 2C DNA content was 11.63 pg in B. arvensis, 23.03 pg in B. hordeaceus, 22.94 pg in B. carinatus, 12.99 pg in B. willdenowii, 24.65 pg in B. erectus and 24.54 pg in B. inermis. By DNA amount, the analyzed taxa formed two distinct groups: with 2C DNA value at about 12 pg (B. arvensis and B. willdenowii), and at about 24 pg (B. hordeaceus, B. carinatus, B. erectus and B. inermis). Estimated DNA values were not linked with ploidy level. All species showed a similar, mainly telomeric heterochromatin distribution, but small amounts of intercalary and centromeric heterochromatin were also seen. The majority of analyzed species also had similar heterochromatin amounts within karyotype. The only exception was B. carinatus with 16.20% heterochromatin (calculated as percent of karyotype length). It is suggested that the observed 77% nuclear DNA difference between two closely related representatives of subg. Ceratochloa (B. carinatus and B. willdenowii) is to some extent a result of heterochromatin accumulation in B. carinatus chromosomes.
Autoradiographic studies of 3H-uridine incorporation (20-min incubation) and dynamics of radioactive particle translocation from nucleolus into cytoplasm (following 80-min postincubation in non-radioactive medium) in root meristematic cells of soybean have been carried out. The experiment was performed with plants subjected to 4-day acclimation in chilling or subjected to 2-hour cold stress and control plants. Three cultivars of soybean: Mazowia, Polan and Progres (cultivated in Poland) were used in the experiment. It has been shown that in control conditions the greatest number of RNA precursor is incorporated into nucleoli after 20-min incubation. Following 80-min postincubation cytoplasm is the most radioactive area of the cell - this mainly testifies to dynamic translocation of radioactive ribosome subunits from nucleolus into cytoplasm. In chilling conditions the reduction of 3H-uridine incorporation into cells occurs, as compared to control conditions. Plants subjected to a 4-day acclimation incorporate the radioactive precursor more intensively than plants subjected to cold stress. Following 80-min postincubation - in the case of acclimated plants - the nucleolus is the most radioactive area of the cell, which testifies to accumulation of pre-rRNA in it. After the cold stress cytoplasm is more radioactive than the nucleolus. In all three cultivars the processes of synthesis and transport of pre-rRNA particles are similar, only their intensity is different. Morphometric measurements of nucleoli in all cultivars subjected to 4-day chilling have shown that root cell nucleoli are larger than those in control. This phenomenon can be connected with stronger inhibition of rRNA transport than its synthesis.
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