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Physical activity in perimenopausal women

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Introduction. The menopausal age of women is characterized by a high probability of health problems related with oestrogen deficiency and reduced ovarian hormonal activity. The most significant element in the therapy of the menopausal problems is to take part in physical activity on at least a moderate level, which is sufficient to maintain health. Objective. To investigate the effect of physical activity on the severity of the symptoms of menopause and body mass index BMI, which can decisively influence menopause. Material and methods. A group of respondents consisting of 210 women aged between 45–65 who were not using hormone replacement therapy, and staying at a rehabilitation centre. The study was conducted in 2013–2014 in the provinces of Silesia, Podlasie and Malopolska. Research tools consisted of a self-designed survey questionnaire and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Results. Mean BMI indicated overweight of the women and their infrequency and low level participation in physical activity. The intensity of menopausal symptoms increased with BMI, and low physical activity of the respondents decreased with age. Increase in the intensity of physical activity decreased the severity of symptoms characteristic for menopausal age. Conclusions. Physical activity can play an important role in reducing menopausal symptoms and preventing the most frequently occurring diseases of menopausal age.
In the discussion of the risk-benefit relation of the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for elder women phytochemicals with estrogenic activity received a great deal of attention. Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring compounds with structural similarity to 17b-estradiol. Especially genistein, an isoflavone most abundant in soy, possess a high and selective binding-affinity to the mammalian estrogen receptors. It has been found, that genistein exert in humans both: weak estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, similar to the SERMs. Consequently, it was concluded, that genistein might provide an alternative to prevent postmenomausal bone-loss and ameliorate menopausal symptoms without side-effects similar to HRT. Pre-clinical experiments and results from clinical pilot studies with pure genistein confirmed its efficacy in these indications. Nevertheless, currently some open issues still exist to recommend its intake thoughtlessly. Bonistein™, pure synthetic genistein developed by DSM Nutritional Products, was tested extensively in appropriate models for bone health. A battery of toxicological studies was conducted to determine safe intake levels. In the early clinical development pharmacokinetic studies were performed in healthy volunteers and in postmenopausal women. Now large-scale studies are in preparation to investigate Bonistein™'s efficacy in postmenopausal bone-loss and climacteric syndrome.
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Sleep disordered breathing in the elderly: comparison of women and men

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The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients up to the age of 60 is known to be two times higher in men then in women. Hormonal changes during menopause might underlie changes in this relationship in the elderly. This study was designed to detect differences in the type and frequency of sleep-disordered breathing between women and men over the age of 65 years, having the same body mass index. The study was conducted using a matched-pair approach consisting of a sample population of 40 pairs of patients over the age of 65. All patients met the following exclusion criteria: age below 65, heart failure, chronic obstructive lung disease. Polygraphy was conducted by means of a portable recorder. All measured indices were higher in men than in women. The apnea index was 2.8 ±4.1 in men and 0.6 ±1.4 in women. The apnea/hypopnea index was 10.2 ±11.4 and 4.8 ±3.9, respectively. These differences were significant (P<0.05). Significant differences also were observed when central (men 8.1 ±13.1, women 3.1 ±8.2), mixed (men 5.1 ±11.4, women 0.4 ±1.3), and obstructive (women men 8.6 ±20.1, 1.0 ±4.3) apnea indices were compared. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that elderly patients showed gender-dependent differences in the type and frequency of sleep-related breathing disorders. Men suffered from all kinds of apnea more frequently than women.
The aim of this research was to determine to what degree women in the climacterium period know the benefits and dangers resulting from hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The most common benefits, resulting from HRT, are doing away with the fits of heat (34.2%), prevention of osteoporosis (33.3%), emotional stability (29.2%) and prolongation of the lifespan and general fitness (15.5%). Most of the women that used HRT are well-informed about the mechanism of the medicimes efficacy, they are also aware of short-term benefits resulting from the therapy. The most common fear that women using substitution hormonotherapy have is the fear of neoplasmatic disease.
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Obstructive sleep apnea and the quality of life

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Patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are unaware of clinical symptoms, such as cessation of breathing during sleep, decrease in blood oxygen levels, severe sleep fragmentation, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Equally worrying is a low level of knowledge among physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists of the intellectual and emotional impact of OSA. The illness may lead to anxiety, depression, psychosis, and other pathological symptoms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationships among OSA, quality of life, and psychological performance. STAI, UMACL, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Framingham Type A Scale, the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS), the Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were applied. The tests were used to describe the well-being and pathological symptoms, such as depression or anxiety, in a clinical group (newly-diagnosed, untreated OSA patients) in comparison with a control group (healthy volunteers). The results of the tests failed to substantiate the presence of significant differences between the clinical and control groups. We put forward a hypothesis that the rather unexpected lack of psychological differences might stem from a rapid mood improvement in OSA patients on anticipation of being diagnosed and taken care of in the hospital setting. Followed-up studies in the same patients are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Porównano preferencje i czynniki wyboru mleka i jego przetworów w grupie kobiet otyłych oraz z prawidłową masą ciała będących w okresie okołomenopauzalnym. Produktami najbardziej preferowanymi przez badaną grupę kobiet otyłych (średni stopień lubienia - x ≥ 3,67) były napoje mleczne fermentowane naturalne i owocowe oraz kefir i maślanka, natomiast czynnikami w dużym stopniu branymi pod uwagę (średnia ważkość czynnika – x ≥ 2,34) były dodatki smakowe oraz potrzeba zdrowego odżywiania. Kobiety o prawidłowej masie ciała preferowały głównie sery twarogowe naturalne, sery żółte, topione, mleko oraz napoje mleczne, natomiast przy wyborze kierowały się głównie świeżością, jakością, smakiem i trwałością.
8-Prenylnaryngenin (8-PN) is the strongest known phytoestrogen (PE). Its main source is the female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). 8-PN, which, in contrast to other PEs, is proven to have stronger activity and higher affinity for the α subtype of estrogen receptor (ER). Therefore, it may be an effective substitute for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The studies in postmenopausal women have shown its particular effectiveness in reducing hot flashes. However, a strong stimulation of uterus by 8-PN may be associated with the occurrence of adverse effects (eg. bleeding) and increase the risk of carcinogenesis. The H. lupulus extracts preparations are currently supplements which makes control of the doses used and thus increases the occurrence of uncontrolled self-treatment difficult. This paper presents the current knowledge on 8-PN and discusses the potential risks associated with use of hops to alleviate the symptoms of menopause.
The studies showed unsatisfactory intake of vitamins from food rations of women and men at the age of over 50 years. The intakes of vitamins В and vitamin C were particularly low. The intakes of fat-soluble vitamins A and E (except vitamin D) were relatively greater, but far from the values recommended.
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