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The role of Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae in the pathogenesis of mycoplasmal pneumonia in swine (MPS), its importance in causing losses in swine production and the efficacy of specific bacterins in their reduction were described. The value of immunoprophylaxis in comparison to other procedures applied in the control of the disease was estimated. Cell-mediated immunity and mucosal immunity involving IgA located in the mucus of the bronchi were judged as important for protection against the disease. However, bacterins provide only partial protection and do not prevent the colonization and carriership of M. hyopneumoniae in the lungs. Research on new vaccines, including aerosol and feed-based vaccines, as well as subunit and DNA preparations were characterized. Finally, it was concluded that the application of vaccines in the control of MPS should be evaluated as a supplementary, economically acceptable method when combined with optimal herd management practices and housing conditions.
E. coli are the predominant microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. In most cases, they exist as harmless comensals, and some of them are beneficial to their host in balancing gut flora and absorption of nutrients. However, there are pathogenic strains that cause a broad range of diseases in humans and animals, from diarrhea to bloodstream infections. Among bacterial strains causing these symptoms, seven pathotypes are now recognized: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC), and adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC). Several different strains cause diverse diseases by means of virulence factors that facilitate their interactions with the host, including colonization of the intestinal epithelial surfaces, crossing of the mucosal barriers, invasion of the bloodstream and internal organs or producing toxins that affect various cellular processes. Pathogenic E. coli are commonly studied in humans, animals, food and the environment, in developed and developing countries. The presented paper reviews recent information concerning the pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli, the role of animals and food in the transmission chain and a short overview of epidemiological data.
Some historical data concerning edema disease of swine (ED) are mentioned. The etiology and pathogenesis of ED is presented, according to the present state of knowledge. Referring to the classification of Escherichia (E.) coli pathogenic to animals the STEC (Shigatoxin E. coli) pathotype and the virotype causing ED, are characterized. The pathogenicity factors: Shigatoxin 2e (STx2e) and fimbrial variant F18ab are evaluated, the last in comparison to F18ac; F18ab being crucial in the pathogenesis of ED and F18ac being important in the pathogenesis of postweaning diarrhea of pigs, besides the more important F4. The essential role in causing ED of the intestinal receptors, specific to the F18ab, is underlined as also the dependence of their expression from the presence of the FUT1 gene. Following the description of the pathogenicity mechanisms of E. coli, important in the etiology of ED, the present technology and evaluation of the vaccines against ED, is given. It is concluded that the best efficacy provided the toxoid preparations of Stx2e.
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