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Mechanical properties of flax fibres

100%
Plywood is a wood-based panel material laminated of veneers where the grain direction is perpendicular in adjacent layers. The use of plywood can be extended if there is a possibility to use special lay-up schemes designed to improve mechanical properties which depend on the grain direction in the outer plies. This report contains results of research whose purpose was to determinate bending strength and modulus of elasticity of birch plywood types with special veneer lay-up schemes and of different width, bending flatwise and edgewise. Two special plywood types, 28 mm thick Spec1 and 30 mm thick Spec3, with different veneer lay-up schemes were selected for bending properties determination tests according to standard EN 789. Specimens were tested when the face veneer direction was parallel and then perpendicular to the specimens’ longer axis. Moisture content and density were determined as well. This report contains the comparison of bending strength properties of special plywood specimen with different width and load direction. It was found that bending strength was significantly higher for narrower special plywood specimens, and bending strength of special plywood loaded edgewise was 4 % lower for Spec1 and 9.5 % lower for Spec3 than for flatwise loaded specimen of the same cross-sectional dimensions.
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88%
The paper concerns significance of properly carried out saturation procedure and its role in evaluation of undrained response of heavy preconsolidated cohesive soils. In particular the saturation criteria are addressed which should be fulfilled during saturation of preconsolidated clay specimens of various plasticity. Influence of incomplete saturation on shear strength parameters is briefly characterized. On the basis of experimental data the back pressure method is shown to be the most efficient method in obtaining full saturation in overconsolidated clay of various plasticity. Analysis of the test results made possible to propose full saturation criteria for low, medium and high plasticity clays which are based on reduced value of Skempton’s B parameter.
Some mechanical properties of fresh and freeze-dried mushrooms have been described. Modulus of elasticity was determined from the squeezing tests. The set quantities have been related to the heating plate temperature and density of samples. The obtained relationships have been approximated with exponential functions.
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Geometry of cereal stalk cross-section

88%
The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of pectin and glycerol concentration on colour, mechanical properties and water vapour permeability of pectin edible films. Pectin films were obtained from apple pectin film-forming solutions at concentrations of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5%. Glycerol was added as a plasticizer at 30, 50 and 70% (w/w of pectin). Colour was measured in the L*a*b* system and total colour difference was calculated. Water vapour permeability at relative humidity differentials of 30-100% was measured at 25°C. Mechanical properties were presented as tensile force and elongation at break. Based on the results obtained, increasing content of pectin caused an increase in total colour difference, water vapour permeability and tensile force of ana-lysed films. Glycerol caused increasing elongation at break and water vapour permeability.
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