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In woody perennials, leaf structure and biochemistry vary with tree age under changing environments. However, the related eco-physiological mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. In this study, we investigated agerelated responses of juvenile and mature subalpine fir trees (Abies faxoniana Rehder & E.H. Wilson.) growing at altitudes between 2,500 and 3,500 m in the Wanglang Natural Reserve in southwest China, to study the adaptive strategies of different age trees to suit changing environments. We found that there were distinct age- and altituderelated changes in the structural and biochemical characteristics of leaves. At all altitudes, mature trees exhibited higher area- and mass-based leaf nitrogen content (Narea, Nmass), leaf mass per area (LMA) and stable isotope carbon composition (δ13C), and a lower chlorophyll (Chl) content than those juvenile trees, except for Nmass at 3,000 m as well as LMA at 2,750 m, where the values of Nmass and LMA in mature trees were slightly lower than those in juvenile trees. Furthermore, leaf characteristics showed significant differences in the change rates with altitude between different age groups. Our results indicated that assimilative organs in mature trees do not suffering from nutrient deficiency and that juvenile and mature trees possess different adaptive growth strategies under changing environments, as indicated by higher leaf N content in mature trees and the opposite patterns of LMA and Chl content between two age groups. We also concluded that juvenile could be more sensitive to global warming due to a greater altitudinal influence on the leaf traits in juvenile trees than those in mature trees.
European yew (Taxus baccata) is a rare and endangered species in many European countries. Observations of high levels of T. baccata seedling mortality under the canopy of mature trees suggest that mortality due to low irradiance may contribute to the decreasing population size of this species. The primary goal of my work was to determine if light and nitrogen fertilization influence the growth and survival of T. baccata seedlings. In 2002 and 2003, we carried out a field experiment with a range of light availabilities (reducing artificial light and obtained 2, 8, 30 and 100% RPPFD -Relative Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) and a nitrogen fertilization treatment (with and without NH₄NO₃ fertilizer). In 2002 and 2003, the mortality of one-yearold seedlings was very high after the first winter, especially within extreme light conditions (2 and 100% RPPFD). Biomass of seedlings was highest in 30%, intermediate in 100% and lowest in 8% and 2% RPPFD. High levels of seedling mortality during the winter suggest that low temperatures were the primary determinant of T. baccata seedling survival. Nitrogen fertilization only had a positive effect on growth in higher RPPFD values (8, 30 and 100%). Both total needle mass and needle mass allocation were higher in the nitrogen fertilization treatment Interaction of low temperature and light availability is probably the direct reason of high mortality of T. baccata seedlings located near the species range limit.
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