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The effect of the reaction conditions (substrate concentration, enzyme dosage, and pH) on cyclodextrin production by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus megaterium was investigated by applying mathematical modeling methods. Adequate models were developed and they were used for determination of the optimal conditions for maximal formation of β-cyclodextrins at minimal concentrations of α- and γ-cyclodextrins. The main factor affecting the ratio of the products was pH of the reaction mixture. At pH 9 the enzyme formed mainly β- and γ-cyclodextrins and the ratio α:β:γ was 2.6:83.5:13.9; at pH 5 the ratio changed to 8.6:84.6:6.8. Mathematical models were used for determination of the conditions for maximal conversion of the substrate into cyclodextrins. 45.88% conversion of starch was achieved at 5% substrate concentration, 3.5 U/g enzyme dosage, and pH 7.4.
The article analyzes methods for the protection of reservoir water against the eutrophication process. It dis­cusses methods for protection against point-source, spatial and dispersed pollution, biological methods and the most frequently applied technical methods. It pays special attention to the application of mathematical modelling to predict changes in water quality. A simulation of water quality changes in the Dobczyce Reservoir, expressed by a change in the concentration of chlorophyll "a," was made. Calculations were made for different pollutant concentrations and different temperatures. It was found that temperature had an important impact on the course of the process in surface segments and that pollutant load exerted an influence in subsurface segments. In sedi­ment segments, the factors did not practically affect the course of the eutrophication process.
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Drying kinetics and colour change of lemon slices

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The effect of microwave-convective heating on drying characteristics and colour change of lemon slices was investigated. The drying experiments were carried out at 180, 360, 540 and 720Wand at 22°C, with air velocity of 1ms-1. The values of effective moisture diffusivity were found to be in the range between 1.87 10-8 and 3.95 10-8 m2 s-1, and the activation energy was estimated to be 10.91 Wg-1. The drying data were fitted with six mathematical models available in the literature. The model describing drying kinetics of lemon slices in the best way was found. The colour change of the dried lemon slices was analysed and considered as a quality index affecting the drying quality of the product. The values of lightness/darkness, yellowness/blueness and hue angle increased, while the value of redness/greenness decreased with increasing microwave power.
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Serotonin receptors and site-selective agents

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Few site-selective serotonergic agents are currently available; in fact, most of these agents might more appropriately be termed semi-selective in that they typically bind to at least two different populations of serotonin receptors. We describe the application of structure-affinity relationship (SAFIR) studies to the development of high- affinity and/or site-selective serotonergic agents; examples are provided from work conducted in our laboratories. Also discussed is the concept of selectively non-selective agents and their potential preclinical and clinical utility. A case is made for development of selective and nonselective serotonergic agents.
Long-term observations of Upper Vistula tributaries, made by the author, showed that the narrowing and straightening of rivers and their floodplains resulted in accelerated riverbed erosion and the increase of flood risks. River floodplains are widely acknowledged as being very important for biodiversity, therefore by their narrowing they lose their natural patterns and, as a consequence, decline in habitat and species diversity. In the last years a new approach in river management and engineering appeared: the EU Water Framework Directive constitutes an important step for more ecological river training. In consequence an increasing number of restoration projects have been initiated in the last years. In the present paper the author tried to study and check the possibilities of flood plain widening upstream of the town of Nowy Sącz situated along the Dunajec River (km: 111.900 – 107.500), where devastated lands occurred. In the urban area of Nowy Sącz the levees distance was left unchanged. For the new conditions the numerical simulation by 1D mathematical model Rubarbe was carried out. The obtained results showed a significant decrease in the flood peaks upstream of Nowy Sącz and lesser decrease in the town.
The hot convective drying of fresh tilapia fillets was evaluated in a heat pump dryer. The influence of the drying temperature (35, 45 and 55°C), hot air velocity (1.50, 2.50 and 3.50 m/s) and thickness (3, 5 and 7 mm) of the tilapia fillets on the moisture ratio and drying rate has been studied. It shows that drying process took place in falling rate periods. The experimental drying data of fresh tilapia fillets under different conditions was fitted to nine different commonly used thin-layer drying models by nonlinear fitting methods and all the models were compared according to three statistical parameters, i.e. coefficient of determination, the reduced chi-square and the root mean square error. It was found that the coefficient of determination values of Page were higher than 0.99254, and the corresponding reduced chi-square and the root mean square error values were lower than 0.000632219 and 0.023854, respectively, indicating that the Page model is the best to describe drying curves of fresh tilapia fillets among them. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 6.55×10–10 to 1.23×10–9 m2/s calculated using the Fick’s second law. With the increase of the drying temperature and the hot air velocity, the effective moisture diffusivities Deff increased. The value of drying activation energy of tilapia fillets with thickness of 3 mm at hot air velocity 2.50 m/s was 17.66 kJ/mol, as determined from the slope of the Arrhenius plot, ln(Deff) versus 1/Ta.
The paper presents a mathematical model developed for the description of water movement in selected construction materials. In the creation of the model the Richards equation was employed that was introduced in 1931 for a homogeneous and isotropic soil medium. The equation was solved with the method of finite differences, using an explicit scheme. The experiment was conducted on a sample made of autoclaved cellular concrete in which TDR probes were placed for moisture measurement. Water movement in the sample was caused by capillary rise. Results from computer simulation were compared with those obtained in the experiment. It was demonstrated that the Richards equation can be used for the description of the dynamics of air-water conditions in cellular concrete. It was also found that differences between results obtained from the simulation and those obtained from the experiment could have been caused by the lack of calibration of the TDR apparatus that should be made individually for every medium.
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