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W ciągu ostatniej dekady nastąpił i gwałtowny rozwój nowoczesnych, i zaawansowanych technik spektrometrii mas i narzędzi bioinformatycznych, dzięki którym peptydomika wyewoluowała z proteomiki jako nowa dziedzina wiedzy, zajmująca się nie tylko analizą białek, ale przede wszystkim pojedynczych peptydów w złożonych próbach biologicznych. Zaletą peptydomiki, opartej na technikach spektrometrii mas, jest możliwość różnicowania nie i tylko pomiędzy gatunkami, ale również pomiędzy tkankami czy białkami w obrębie tego samego gatunku. Obecnie badania peptydomiczne prowadzi się m.in. w celu identyfikacji unikalnych markerów peptydowych mających zastosowanie w analizie autentyczności, inaczej mówiąc w wykrywaniu zafałszowań i uwierzytelnianiu przetworzonych produktów mięsnych. W artykule omówiono zasady, definicje i przedstawiono metody analityczne stosowane w peptydomice, a także jej możliwości w zakresie wykrywania zafałszowań produktów mięsnych na podstawie markerów peptydowych pochodzących z białek mięsa.
Tiamulin, a semi-synthetic antibiotic agent, is exclusively used in veterinary medicine and is rapidly distributed in the body and intensively metabolized in the liver. The aim of the study was to estimate the residue levels of tiamulin metabolite in pigs. tissues after oral and intramuscular administration. The experiment was carried out on 38 pbz breed weaners, divided into two groups. One of the groups was administered Tiamowet 45% granulate orally at a dose of 24 mg/kg b.w./day, and the other was administered Tiamowet 200 intramuscularly at a dose of 15 mg/kg b.w./day. Both drugs were taken for 5 days. The weaners from both groups were slaughtered on days 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 following the end of drug administration. Samples of tested tissues from the livers and muscles were isolated in order to measure the residue marker level. 8-α-hydroxymutilin residues were estimated according to the GC method by Marcus and Sherma in their own modification. A validation method procedure was also carried out. The GC experiment showed that 8-a-hydroxymutilin concentration in the tested muscles attains a lower level than that of MRL i.e. 100 µg/kg on day 10 following intramuscular Tiamowet 200 preparation administration and on day 12 following oral Tiamowet 45% granulate administration.
Animal by-products result mainly from the slaughter of animals for human consumption, the production of products of animal origin (such as dairy products), the disposal of dead animals, and disease-control measures. Regardless of their source, they pose a potential risk to public and animal health and the environment. This risk needs to be adequately controlled, either by safe disposal of such products, or by their utilization, provided that strict conditions are maintained to minimize the health risks involved. Animal by-products are classified into categories that reflect the level of risk to public and animal health arising from those by-products (Cat. 1, 2 and 3). According to Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, in processing plants for the processing of Category 1 or 2 material, derived products shall be permanently marked with glycerol triheptanoate (GTH). The minimum content of marker in target materials is 250 mg/kg of fat. For the determination of glycerol triheptanoate in dry meat, bone meals, rendered fat and soil adjuvants, gas chromatography technique and mass spectrometry detection are used.
Uncontrolled and over-intensive training can lead to a decrease in exercise efficiency and health state disorders in dogs. Examinations of sled dogs revealed that prolonged effort induced specific biochemical changes and released indicatory enzymes into peripheral circulation. The purpose of the study was to reveal the efficacy of selected markers of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) and their isoenzymes, C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose and lactic acid in detecting sub clinical states of skeletal muscles lesions. Examinations were carried out on 17 sled dogs (Siberian Husky, Alaskan Malamut) at the start, during and end of the training season, before and after exercise. Dogs were in good condition before study and did not revealed clinical symptoms of disease. During progressively extended training loads a decrease in the motor activity of some dogs was noted. An increase in the activity of AST, CK and LDH5 in the examined dogs confirmed these changes and testified to skeletal muscle injury. The lack of adaptation of organism efficiency to excessive trainings loads also caused an increase in the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the plasma of the sled dogs. C-reactive protein and inflammatory state markers were also designated to estimate of health state of the dogs. An increase of CRP concentration, noted in the examined dogs, could testified to inflammatory states of muscles or may have be connected with exercise stress. Clinical symptoms confirmed these changes. A lack of physical adaptation to the intensity of training leads to muscle injuries. Measurements of muscle injury markers during excessive load training facilitate the recognition of hyper-training states and muscles injuries in sled dogs.
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