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1
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Analysis of mallard’s (Anas platyrhynchos) behavior depending on phenology period and the size of the flock on water basins in Szczecin

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Wojcieszak H., Wysocki D., Kaliciuk J.
Zeszyty Naukowe. Acta Biologica. Uniwersytet Szczeciński
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2013
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tom 20
The subject of the study is the behaviour of Mallard’s Anas platyrhynchos and was carried out in the city of Szczecin (Poland) in 2009–2010. We compared frequency of fights, rapes, courtships, copulations and whistles on a water basins within both big and small flocks, and in different phenology periods. The study shows significant relationship between season, number of ducks on a pond and frequency of fights, as well as between whistles and fights, whistles and season and courtships and season. The results show that the most active period for ducks are the autumn and winter months (pairing period), while more aggressive behaviours can be observed when the population density is high.
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Copper, zinc, lead and cadmium content in liver and muscles of mallards [Anas platyrhynchos] and other hunting fowl species in Warmian and Mazury in 1999-2000

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Szymczyk K., Zalewski K.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2003
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tom 12
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nr 3
This paper presents the results of a study on the content of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in livers and breast muscles of mallards obtained in Warmia and Mazury in 1999-2000. Samples from 32 mallards hunted in Łężany, Zembrze, Szestno and Nidzica, as well as samples from 7 pheasants and 6 mallards from the area of Śląsk were analyzed. Concentration of all the four metals was higher in the liver than in breast muscles. Mean contents of copper in livers of juvenile and adult mallards from Warmia and Mazury were similar (6.567 and 8.632 mg/kg w.w.). Levels of zinc were approximately the same in both age groups (23.911 mg/kg w.w. in young birds and 25.418 mg/kg w.w. in adults). As regards lead, older mallards from Warmia and Mazury had twice as much of the metal in the liver (0.417 mg/kg w.w.). The content of Pb in the liver was similar in both age groups of the birds from Śląsk. The differences in the concentration of cadmium in the mallards from Warmia and Mazury were smaller. Cd in the amount of 0.128 mg/kg m.m. was found in the young mallards and 0.171 mg/kg m.m. in the adult mallards. The birds from the area of Śląsk contained much higher concentrations of Cd in their tissues, over 1 mg/kg m.m. in the liver and over 0.200 mg/kg m.m. in the breast muscles.
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Protozoal macrocysts in the skeletal muscles of a mallard duck in Poland: the first recorded case

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Kalisinska E., Betlejewska K. M., Schmidt M., Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A., Tomczyk G.
Acta Parasitologica
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2003
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tom 48
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nr 1
Sarcocystosis of wild ducks, relatively common in North America, has hitherto been recorded only three times in Europe. The present study yielded a single case of macroscopically detected sarcocysts in the skeletal muscles of a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). This finding constitutes the first such record in Poland. A PCR technique was used for identification of the parasite from sarcocysts. The results obtained suggest that the sarcocysts were produced by protozoans, which were the most closely related to Frenkelia glareoli and Sarcocystis neurona (homology of the nucleotide sequences was 96.6% in both cases).
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Strong potential for endozoochory by waterfowl in a rare, ephemeral wetland plant species, Astragalus contortuplicatus (Fabaceae)

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Lovas-Kiss A., Sonkoly J., Vincze O., Green A. J., Takacs A., Molnar A. V.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
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2015
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tom 84
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nr 3
It was proposed previously that passive dispersal by migratory aquatic birds explain the widespread distribution of many wetland organisms. Several experimental studies have shown that many widespread wetland plant species can be readily dispersed within the guts of Anatidae. However, it is unclear whether plants with a more restricted distribution are able to disperse via waterbirds. This paper addresses the dispersal ability and germination ecology of the little-known Hungarian milkvetch Astragalus contortuplicatus, which occurs on banks of continental rivers and has a limited and unpredictable distribution. To test whether limited capacity for endozoochory by waterfowl could explain the sporadic appearance of this species, we force-fed ten captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) with 100 milkvetch seeds each. Droppings were collected for up to 45 h after feeding. Intact and viable seeds were found in the droppings of each mallard, and altogether 24.7% of seeds fed were recovered intact. The proportion of retrieved seeds that germinated (27.0%) was significantly higher than that of untreated control seeds (0.5%), but significantly lower than that of mechanically scarified seeds (96.0%). Retrieved seeds that germinated developed into healthy mature plants. Given the average flight velocity of mallards, seeds of A. contortuplicatus may travel up to 1600 km inside the digestive tract of migrating individuals. Our results suggest that avian vectors may be more important for the dispersal of rare higher plants (especially those with a hard seed-coat) than hitherto considered. Moreover, they suggest that rarity does not necessarily indicate limited dispersal ability, and may instead be explained by specific habitat requirements.
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Morphological comparison of upper respiratory tract in mallard Anas platyrhynchos and scaup Aythya marila

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Pierko M.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Biology
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2007
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tom 10
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nr 4
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