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Chronic vein insufficiency (CVI) is a disease which, when it develops, leads to varicose veins of the lower limbs. As approximately 25% to 50% of people suffer from it, it should be recognised as a public disease. The treatment of chronic vein insufficiency is based on a surgical approach. The aim of the operation is to remove (strip) the insufficient major saphenous vein (MSV), the main cause of the disease. The major saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein and forms the sapheno-femoral junction, which is located in the hiatus saphenous within the femoral triangle. We conducted 94 varicose vein operations by the Babcock method on patients suffering from chronic vein insufficiency. This surgical treatment was performed in “Therapy”, a private clinic for peripheral vessel disease. We operated on 52 left lower limbs and 42 right lower limbs. The patients were qualified for the operation procedure after physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography imaging. We identified 5 types of major saphenous vein tributary drainage. The most common was Type I, in which there were 3 tributaries draining directly into the major saphenous vein. This type consisted of 45 cases (47.87%). We distinguished here 3 modifications. In Type II, however, there were 4 direct tributaries that drained into the major saphenous vein in 23 cases (24.46%). In this group of patients also 3 modifications were distinguished. Type III occurred in 14 cases (14.89%). We identified here 2 direct tributaries that drained into the saphenous vein and divided this type into 2 modifications. Type IV occurred in 8 cases (8.51%). Here we found 5 or 6 direct tributaries depending on the number of the external pudendal veins. Type V turned out to be very rare, occurring in only 4 cases (4.25%). Among all the types mentioned a thin tributary 1–2 mm wide was found in 10 cases (10.63%). This ran from under the fascia cribrosa into the saphenofemoral junction in the hiatus saphenous. This may be one of the causes of the recurrences of chronic vein insufficiency. There is also the possibility that a tributary will be overlooked or ignored during the operation, particularly when Type IV appears with 5 or 6 direct collaterals.
Background: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a six-week plyometric high and low-intensity training on the explosive power of lower limbs in volleyball players. Material/Methods: The research was conducted on a sample of 30 volunteers of the Sports Club at Gdansk University of Technology in Gdansk. Before the experiment, the players were divided into two homogeneous groups. After two weeks of an introductory common stage, each group followed a plyometric regime of different intensity. The results showed that the high-intensity program was more efficient than the low-intensity program in developing the explosive power in the volleyball players. Results: The largest significant improvement was observed for the vertical jump with arm swing (11% in HIJG and 3.8% in LISG). The strongest correlations were registered for the maximal power and the total mechanical work obtained in the Wingate test (r=0.83), and the power of jumps during attacks and blocks (r=0.78). Conclusions: The experiment confirmed high effectiveness of the training loads applied in the experiment, in particular in the high-intensity program.
It is known that a different ramification pattern can occur as a function of the development of the arteries of the lower limb. During a routine dissection, a variation of the deep femoral artery was found passing in front of the femoral vein in the left lower limb of a 43-year-old male cadaver. This case is reported because of its rare occurrence in the literature. The variation is discussed on the basis of the possible embryological development of the lower limb arteries.
Our studies were carried out on 8 male and 2 female baboons Papio anubis cadavers. We examined a total of 20 hind legs. The vessels of the hind leg were filled with coloured latex. Afterwards we prepared the superficial and deep veins and accompanying arteries. We paid attention to the location, diameter and the course of the long and short saphenous veins. We found many differences between the system of superficial veins in the baboon hind leg and that in the human lower limb. First of all, the long saphenous vein in the baboon Papio anubis presented as two similar trunks that ran together with a concomitant artery. The saphenofemoral junction was also duplicated. The distance between these outlets was about 4 mm and their location was different from that in humans. Neither trunk exceeded 2.5 m in diameter. Some human-like features were noticed in the system of the short saphenous vein in Papio anubis. The diameter of the short saphenous vein and its course and the location of the saphenopopliteal junction were very similar to those in humans. On the other hand, the short saphenous vein was the main superficial venous channel of the hind limb of Papio anubis.
The vasospastic diseases and chronic pain related to lower limb have been successfully treated by surgical ablation of lumbar sympathetic trunk for last 80 years. Precise knowledge of anatomy of lumbar sympathetic trunk and its adjoining structures is mandatory for safe and uncomplicated lumbar and spinal surgeries. We aim to study the detailed anatomy of entry and exit of lumbar sympathetic trunk, the number, dimensions and location of lumbar ganglia in relation to lumbar vertebra. Thorough dissection was carried out in 30 formalin embalmed cadavers available in the Department of Anatomy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Rural Medical College (RMC), Loni, Maharashtra. A total of 238 ganglia were observed in 60 lumbar sympathetic trunks. The sympathetic trunk traversed dorsal to the crus of diaphragm in 72.6% and in 13.3% it entered dorsal to the medial arcuate ligament. The most common site of the location of lumbar ganglia was in relation to the second lumbar vertebra, sometimes extending up to the L2–L3 vertebral disc. There was a medial shift of sympathetic trunk in lumbar region and it coursed over sacral promontory to reach the pelvic region in 96% of specimens. These variations should be kept in mind in order to prevent hazardous complications like accidental avulsion of first lumbar ganglia and genitofemoral neuritis. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 3: 217–222)
Introduction. The authors attempt to examine whether functional differences between the legs in soccer players are similar in different motor tests, and whether possible weaker laterality in soccer players could be the effect of the higher fitness level of their left legs, or the lower fitness level of their right legs. Aim of Study. The aim of the study was to determine the scope of differences between the results of motor coordination tests performed with the right leg and the left leg by boys playing soccer and non-training controls. Materials and Methods. 52 soccer training boys and 25 non-training controls volunteered to participate in the experiment. Motor coordination tests of the left and the right legs were performed by participants in order to assess static balance, rate of movements, dynamic endurance, and kinesthetic differentiation. Results. The greatest differences between the training and non-training boys were found in dynamic endurance (left leg, p < 0.001; right leg, p < 0.01). Coaches’ high assessments of players were based on good results of the balance test of the left leg. The differences between the left and the right legs were smaller in the soccer players than in non-training boys, particularly when the results of the left legs were better. Conclusions. In both groups under study the functional asymmetry between the right and the left legs in the static balance and dynamic endurance tests exceeded 20%, which may contribute to possible sport injuries. The soccer players’ static balance test results indicate the presence of training-induced bilateral transfer of balance ability of the legs.
Folia Morphologica
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2005
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tom 64
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nr 4
315-320
Knowledge of the diameters of the crural arteries forms the basis for reconstructive vascular surgery and percutaneous angioplasty. The external diameters of the crural arteries were examined in 152 specimens of lower limbs by anatomical, digital and statistical methods. The diameters of all the crural arteries were significantly greater (p ≤ 0.01) in the male subjects. The differences between the right and left arterial diameters were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01) only in relation to the posterior tibial artery. In subtypes IC and IIB the anterior tibial artery was the strongest, the peroneal artery was of intermediate diameter and the posterior tibial artery was the weakest. In subtype IB the anterior tibial artery presented as the predominant vessel but in subtypes IIA-1 and IIA-2 it was the posterior tibial artery that did so. In subtype IA 24 examples of the coexistence of angiometric variants of the crural arteries were distinguished. It was demonstrated that the strongest vessel was the anterior tibial artery (32.24%), rarely the posterior tibial artery (14.47%) or the peroneal artery (9.87%). In most cases (21.71%) three of the crural arteries had intermediate diameters. In 13.16% of cases there were two arteries of intermediate diameter, the posterior tibial and the peroneal, which accompanied a strong anterior tibial artery and, the least common variant (6.58%), two intermediate tibial arteries with a weak peroneal artery. A hyperplastic peroneal artery (6.59%) compensated for either the anterior tibial artery (1.98%) or the posterior tibial artery (4.61%).
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