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Lice of mammals spend the entire life cycle in the host hair, thus, the microclimate found near the mammal skin is likely to influence the structure of louse communities. Here we use a comparative approach to examine the effect of mammals’ diving behavior on the taxonomic richness of their lice. We compared the mean genera richness of lice, and — as potential confounding variables — the mean species richness of host, and the mean body mass of host between diving clades and their non-diving sister clades. Louse genera richness was significantly lower in clades of aquatic mammals than on their non-diving sister clades. Host species richness was not significantly different between these clades. Body mass was significantly higher in clades of aquatic mammals, however, the direction of this difference cannot explain the difference in parasite taxonomic richness. This study suggests that mammals’ diving behavior can effectively shape their ectoparasite communities.
One hundred and five alpine accentors Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1786) and ninety four dunnocks Prunella modularis (Linnaeus, 1758) were captured in the West Carpathian Mountains of Slovakia in order to compare the morphology of their Ischnoceran parasites Philopterus emiliae Balát 1985 and Philopterus modularis (Denny, 1842), respectively. In the case of both host species, the largest bodied lice occurred in winter, before the beginning of the host breeding season. Lice collected during the host breeding season were smaller in size than those collected in winter. Lice collected in the autumn, following postnuptial molt were even smaller in size. The largest lice were found on the bodies of host individuals with relatively long wings. The lice Ph. emiliae also differed in shape. In winter, the relative size of the head was large, while in the autumn, the head was proportionately smaller in size, compared to other body regions. Adult lice Ph. modularis also tended to have larger heads in April than in July. Measurements of lice over an eleven year period from the same site yielded differences in shape, but not in size. This study is one of the first assessments of seasonal variation in morphology of lice.
The frequency distributions of seven lice species: Amyrsidea perdicis megalosoma (Overgaard, 1943), Uchida phasiani Modrzejewska et Złotorzycka, 1977 (suborder Amblycera), Goniocotes chrysocephalus Giebel, 1874, Zlotorzyckella colchici (Denny, 1842), Lipeurus maculosus maculosus Clay, 1938, Reticulipeurus mesopelios colchicus (Clay, 1938) and Lagopoecus colchicus Emerson, 1949 (suborder Ischnocera) parasitizing the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) were characterized with various statistical parameters (mean, range, prevalence and standard deviation) together with three indices of parasite aggregation: parameter α of the negative binomial distribution, coefficient of dispersion (c.d.) as a dispersion to mean ratio (or s/x) and index of discrepancy (D of Poulin’s index). A complex set of measures of aggregations confirmed the aggregated distributions of all parasite species; in all the series analysed the bird lice distributions fit the negative binomial model. Two parameters α and D of Poulin were correlated, i.e. high values of α were associated with low values of D.
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