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Cow longevity in herds of different milk production levels and herd size. The effect of herd production level and herd size on cow longevity was studied using the SYMLEK system data on 12045 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows (Black-and-White variety) from 1371 herds. The cows, which belonged to the active population in Pomerania and Kujawy, first calved in 2008 and were used or disposed from the herds by the end of 2015. FREQ and GLM procedures from the SAS package were used in the statistical calculations. With increases in herd size (from ≤20 to >200 cows) and herd production level (from ≤6000 to 9000 kg milk), the culling level increased (p≤0.01) while the proportion of cows sold and alive decreased. Cow longevity was differentiated (p≤0.01) by herd size. As the number of cows in the herd increased, the lifespan and the length of productive life, as well as number of calvings decreased. The effect of herd production level on cow longevity was not statistically confirmed.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of packaging materials and storage periods on seed quality and longevity dynamics of an endangered tropical tree species, Pericopsis elata. The experimental period was December, 2015 to June, 2016. Seed collection was done at the Bobiri Forest Reserve. The seed storage experiment was set up using 3 x 6 factorial arrangements in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Six packaging materials (jute, nylon, paper, ziplock bag, airtight bottle and no packaging) and three storage periods (no storage, three months storage and six months storage) were used. Germination percentage, seed vigour, 1000 seed weight, moisture content, carbohydrate, protein and oil contents were assessed before storage, three months and six months after storage. P. elata seeds with initial moisture content of 7.5% and packaged in airtight bottle and ziplock bags maintained their moisture contents even as storage periods increased. The initial amounts of seed carbohydrates (1.9%), proteins (37.4%) and oil (31.3%) were maintained in the airtight packaging materials (bottle and ziplock bag) thereby improving seed storability. The seed viability equation predicted that P. elata seeds could be stored for 243 years after six months of storage. Seed viability dropped to 164 days after the accelerated aging test was performed on the six-months old stored seeds. The study concluded that the seeds of this important endangered tree can be stored in airtight containers before the next planting season without any loss in seed quality.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate systematic factors that influence longevity and to estimate the heritability of functional longevity by survival analysis of Suffolk sheep in the Czech Republic. A total of 20,502 ewes from 137 flocks were used. The longevity of Suffolk ewes was influenced to some extent by their average prolificacy. The effects of growth intensity and the development of muscularity and fattiness, as well as the effect of the prion protein gene PrP haplotype on the risk of the exclusion of the ewe from breeding were relatively low. Heritability estimates were h² = 0.438 for the length of production life in days (LPL), h² = 0.098 for the number of litters of the ewe during her lifetime (NL), h² = 0.111 for the total number of lambs born (TLB), and h2 = 0.103 for the total number of labs weaned (TLW). Correlations between the breeding values for LPL and NL, TLB or TLW were high. Therefore, these indicators of the ewe’s lifelong production, which are more desirable and understandable for sheep breeders, should be used in indirect selection for longevity.
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Neuroendocrine control of metabolic homeostasis in Polish centenarians

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Neuropeptides play a pivotal role in the control of metabolic homeostasis. We aimed to evaluate the release of neuropeptides involved in the control of energy homeostasis in relation to metabolic status in aging humans. The study group consisted of 183 women: 75 centenarians (above 100 yrs old), 26 elderly women (below 70 yrs), 45 younger women (mean 26 yrs) and 37 obese women (mean 41.6 yrs). Fasting plasma concentration of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin active, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and insulin were measured. Our results showed several differences in the metabolic and neurohormonal status in the centenarian group. The incidence of hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia was lower compared with obese women. Leptin and NPY concentrations were significantly lower than in elderly and obese subjects. Moreover, NPY level was higher than that in the younger group. Plasma adiponectin values were higher than in any of the other group. Insulin levels were significantly lower compared with the young and obese groups. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between adiponectin and HOMA-IR, and adiponectin and insulin. Ghrelin active concentrations were significantly lower compared with the young subjects. However, ghrelin levels were higher than in obese subjects. We conclude that altered neuropeptide activity in centenarians may play a role in the mechanisms contributing to prolonged survival.
In in vivo experiments the natural biologically active substances, which may reduce the application of chemical plant protection pesticides were examined. As dressing preparations water extracts (macerations, infusions) prepared from various parts of 39 plant species were used. For dressing non-disinfected seeds of two varieties of oat: Akt with naked seeds and Bajka with chaffed seeds were used. The experiment was conducted as a filter paper test, germination viability (I date) and germination capacity (II date) as well as healthiness of the seeds were determined. A significant differentiation of the effect of the extracts depending on extracts’ origin (plant), mode of their preparation and of interaction between these factors was revealed.
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Sense of social interaction in the elderly

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After the withdrawal of Fumagillin, there is no drug which is sufficiently effective against nosema disease. Therefore, intensive research is conducted in order to find new nosemacides. Microsporidia from the genus Nosema are regarded one of the causes of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Hence, any new compound that may be useful in the nosemathosis treatment may be of great importance for veterinary practice. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a nanosilver-supplemented diet on worker-bee longevity and on the level of worker-bee infection with Nosema spp. in honeybees in cage tests. The diet supplemented with 25 ppm of nanosilver decreased the number of nosema spores. Therefore the compound might be considered as useful in the nosemosis disease therapy. On the other hand, in experiment I, supplementation of the syrup with 25 ppm of nanosilver significantly shortened worker-bees’ lifespan. This, however, was not observed in experiment II. Honeybees fed with syrup supplemented with 25 ppm of nanosilver consumed the greatest amounts of the syrup. Moreover, bees fed with syrup supplemented with 12.5 and 25 ppm of nanosilver exhibited increasing contents of silver in their bodies.
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