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A survey of the morphology of pads within the Viverridae has been related to locomotion, ecology, ethology and to other morphological features. Species with digiti­grade hind foot are lacking metatarsal pads, have an elongated pes, a short tail, and non retractile claws. They are terrestrial and their fur is spotted. Species with planti­grade hind foot, have broad and long metatarsal pads, which form a bare sole. They have retractile claws, a long tail, and fur with few markings or are one-coloured. They are arboreal and most of them are omnivorous or fruit-eaters. The genets and Poiana are intermediate forms because they have digitigrade feet, but possess long metatarsal pads, retractile claws, a long tail and spotted coat. However, some of them are close to the plantigrade state and have a plantigrade manus. The form of the pes of the genets is an adaptation for jumping. Prionodon is arboreal but have no metatarsal pads and is digitigrade. The ancestral condition is assumed to be plantigrady and arboreality and the presence of all the pads, which could be approach by some genets or Poiana, while the morphology of the foot of the Paradoxurinae, Nandinia and Cryptoprocta seems to be a secondary condition.
Didelphid marsupials differ in their use of the forest strata, with corresponding differences in morphology and arboreal walking performances. Similar performances may be reached by different combinations of stride length and frequency, but it has been suggested that arboreal walkers increase velocity by longer strides. Our objective was to determine how stride length and frequency contribute to the velocity in the arboreal walking of seven species of didelphid marsupials of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Animals were stimulated to cross five 3-m long horizontal supports of different diameters. The cycle of maximum velocity was chosen to measure relative stride length, frequency, and relative velocity. Except forCaluromys philander, the more arboreal species were faster than the terrestrial species, but maximum velocity of arboreal species was reached by two strategies, increasing stride frequency (Gracilinanus microtarsus, Micoureus demerarae, andDidelphis aurita), or reducing frequency and increasing stride length (Marmosops incanus andC. philander). Increasing velocity in arboreal walking by more frequent strides may reduce oscillations of the body, whereas longer strides may reduce branch swaying. Among the terrestrial species,Philander frenatus performed similarly to more arboreal species, suggesting a potential ability to use the canopy, undetected in field observations.
A slug of the genus Belocaulus can lower itself on a mucus thread from the height of almost 3m, like a spider on a spider thread.
We describe a nearly complete mammalian femur from the Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian) from Peski quarry, situated some 100 km south east of Moscow, central Russia. It is similar to the femora of Morganucodontidae in having a globular femoral head, separated from the greater trochanter and reflected dorsally, fovea capitis present, both trochanters triangular and located on the same plane, distal end flat, mediolaterally expanded, and somewhat bent ventrally, and in the shape and proportions of distal condyles. It is referred to as Morganucodontidae gen. et sp. indet. It is the first representative of this group of mammals in Eastern Europe from the third Mesozoic mammal locality discovered in Russia. Exquisite preservation of the bone surface allowed us to reconstruct partial hind limb musculature. We reconstruct m. iliopsoas as inserting on the ridge, which starts at the lesser trochanter and extends along the medial femoral margin for more than half of the femur length. On this basis we conclude that the mode of locomotion of the Peski morganucodontid was similar to that of modern echidnas. During the propulsive phase the femur did not retract and the step elongation was provided by pronation of the femur.
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The origin of ammonoid locomotion

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Evolution of the coiled ammonoid conch from the uncoiled bactritid conch was probably coupled with changes in manoeuvrability and swimming velocity. The gradual transformation of uncoiled to coiled ammonoid conchs has essential functional consequences. The radical change in conch geometry during phylogeny but also in ontogeny of early ammonoids implies a shift of the aperture from an original roughly downward, via a downward oblique and an upward oblique to an upward orientation, presuming a neutrally buoyant condition of the ammonoid animal. Similar trends were reconstructed for the three main ammonoid lineages in the Middle Devonian, the agoniatitid, the anarcestid, and the tornoceratid lineages. This allowed an increase in manoeuvrability and in the maximum horizontal swimming speed.
Behavioural effects of intracerebroventricularly-injected (icv) LHRH were studied in female rats. Locomotor and exploratory activities as well as irritability were determined. A pronounced inhibitory effect of 10µg doses of LHRH was found. At 100/µg doses of LHRH, barrel behaviour was observed. We conclude that LHRH can modify the activity of central serotonergic receptors in rats.
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