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Externalities occur when the decisions of production and consumption made by one market participant are directly affected by the decisions and actions of others, whilst this impact is not fully reflected in market prices. In case of livestock production, the examples are: agricultural landscape, biodiversity, carbon dioxide and methane emission, unpleasant odour and animal welfare, all called environmental externalities. The aim of the paper is to estimate the potential costs and benefits of possible changes in requirements associated with public goods and externalities generated by agriculture on the example of upgraded animal welfare standards in milk production. It was found, that implementing higher animal welfare standards may lead to a labourious increase in milk production. It may result in a farming scale decrease, an increase in labour costs (and production costs) and consequently lead to the deterioration of financial conditions. Revenues per cow increased in the analysed scenario in the case of the small and medium scale farms and remained stable in the case of the large scale farm. However, farm income decreased in the case of all farms. This is mainly due to employment, depreciation and an increase in financial costs.
In production structure of agriculture in the region Polimlje-Ibar, livestock production has a very important role, because without a stable and developed livestock production has neither developed agriculture. Therefore, in this paper, shows the number of livestock by type and category. Unsatisfactory number of livestock in the region, is primarily the result of economic factors, such as reduced local and regional markets, low purchasing power, transition, privatization, lack of long-term strategies for animal husbandry development, technological and technical unwillingness processing facilities, primary production disorganization, poor farmers and processors association, insufficient and slow recovery racial composition of cattle. In structure of use agricultural areas in the region, stands out the predominantly pasture type of agricultural land with higher participation of meadows (P4L2). The structure use in livestock production has characterized by the direction with prevailing participation sheep farming and greater participation bovines (O4G2). Judging by the number and categories of livestock by type, production volume, as well as other indicators, livestock production in the region generally, serves to meet the needs of the household. A smaller part is intended market. In order that problems were solved in an appropriate manner, it is necessary to adopt appropriate strategies in livestock region Polimlje-Ibar, with the development of the proposed measures, which must be long term, because only in this way can stop the decline in the number of cattle to provide the increase livestock production and improve the quality of livestock products.
Livestock rearing plays a pivotal role in providing population with food commodities and contributes 46.3% of the gross agricultural output of Uzbekistan. Aftermath of independence many state enterprises, which were main livestock commodity producers were closed down. As conseąuence, now the livestock population take place in household plots and newly formed small sized private farms. Considering the rareness of research on livestock rearing in Uzbekistan in the last two decades this paper aims at finding out problems faced by livestock producers during the transition period and analyzes possible solutions for further improvement based on survey results of 56 livestock farms and 80 household farms from the region Khorezm. Improvement of input and output market infrastructure and appropriate institutional changes in land and water use rights would allow further development of the livestock sector in conditions of market economy.
The paper presents an analysis of the regional differentiation of pig production in Poland in 2004. The research included volume of pig stock and production, purchase and slaughter of hog livestock according to provinces. Relative concentration was used for the estimation of the degree of irregularity of distribution pig stock among provinces. Florence location ratio was used for estimation of similarity of distribution of analyzed features. The empirical analyses were based on data carried out by the Central Statistical Office.
Contamination with bioaerosols most affects the livestock production, and especially the poultry. Prolonged or repeated exposure to high concentrations of airborne fungal spores is considered a major risk factor for human health and contributes to the deterioration of lung functions, and particularly allergic diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the number and quality of moulds and yeasts in the air of various objects for poultry post-slaughter waste processing. The study allowed to detect the presence of moulds and yeasts in the air of all sampling points. There were: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Trichoderma sp., Acremonium sp., Cephalosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Pithomyces sp., Eurotium sp., and: Rhodotorula sp., Candida sp., Yarrovia sp. and Saccharomyces sp. Statistical analysis confirmed the presence of highly significant influence of the sampling point, date, and interaction of these factors on the fungi population.
The aim of the article was to specify and analyze the replacement value of farm buildings and the annual and unitary costs of their operation in terms of labor productivity. For comparative analysis of the test objects, these objects were divided into area groups: to 10 ha, from 10.01 to 20.00 ha and above 20 ha of arable land. The scope of research included organic farms located in the mountain region specializing in livestock production.
This paper is focused on cloning and bioinformatical as well as immunological characterisation of the new vaccine antigen candidate against fasciolosis - Fasciola hepatica phosphoglycerate kinase (FhPGK). The antigen was cloned from the adult fluke by the use of RACE-PCR method. It was found that FhPGK is not a secretory and not a stage specific protein. It is present in all kinds of parasite tissue, particularly in fluke intestine and tegumental as well as subtegumental layers. FhPGK is involved in production of the first ATP molecule in the glycolytic pathway and can be used in vaccination trials in which the strategy is to block fluke's energy metabolism. This is the first, to date, phosphoglycerate kinase cloned from F. hepatica.
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