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We assess if survey of containers discarded by people (and collected within environmental cleanup actions) may be an useful method in detection of small mammal species and how different parameters of containers affect mammal mortality. The discarded containers without stoppers were collected from two sites (one forest and one agricultural) in western Poland. In 13 bottles (out of 288 collected containers), 58 specimens belonging to 10 species were found. Remains were found mostly in color glass bottles with mouth diameter 18–31 mm and 0.5–5.0 l capacity. We detected only six small mammal species during four short-term live-trapping sessions performed in the same sites. Thus, we suggest that the survey of discarded bottles may be an efficient complement to traditional scientific methods (as live-trapping), which can be performed by both specialists and amateurs, who, at the same time, would clean the environment of the ecological traps.
The applied disinfectants affected the improvement of physicochemical parameters of litter by decreasing its moisture and pH. It was demonstrated that the addition of decontaminating agents to litter resulted in a beneficial decline in the microflora of poultry house air. The total count of mesophilic bacterium was reduced most effectively by means of a disinfectant, whereas the total number of fungi and moulds – by calcium oxide (CaO). But no differences were observed in ammonia concentration in the air of the hen houses examined. In poultry houses in which disinfectants were added to litter, the reported death rate and culling percentage were lower as compared to a control broiler house. Birds reared in a broiler house in which litter was disinfected with CaO achieved the highest European Index of Productivity (EIP).
The results of research into slime moulds in beech forest reserves in Central Poland are presented. Thirty species of slime moulds directly associated with beech wood and beech litter were recorded. Species associated with different decay phases of beech wood and litter were identified.
Populations of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) of Central Europe frequently demonstrate polymorphism in chromosome number. This phenomenon is caused by chromosome rearrangements of the centric fusion type. The presence of Robertsonian translocations in the wild boar population May lead to one of three different karyotypes: 2n=36, 2n=37 and 2n=38. The aim of the study was to analyse the karyotype of five wild boar piglets (two gilts and three boars) originating from one litter, by unknown parents. The GTG-banding technique demonstrated that one boar was characterized by karyotype 38,XY, two gilts (37,XXt.rob15;17) and one boar (37,XYt.rob15;17) were heterozygotic translocation carriers while one boar (36,XYt.rob15;17) was a homozygotic carrier for a Robertsonian translocation including chromosomes 15 and 17. Thus, in this particular litter the chromosome number polymorphism was shown. A Mendelian segregation was found of the 15;17 translocation In the piglets (1:2:1 ratio) whose parents were possibly heterozygotic carriers of 15;17 centric fusion.
Соответствующие исследования проводились в Гибридизационном центре Павловице на 70 пометах свиноматок пород крупная белая польская и дюрок. Определяли следующие признаки: вес помета и вес поросенка при рождении, продолжительность супоросности и опороса, У свиноматок породы дюрок число поросят на помет было меньше, чем у свиноматок крупной белой польской породы (1 поросенок). Средний вес поросенка при рождении был выше в пометах свиноматок породы дюрок (+100 г). Частота выступания рососят низким весом при рождении (<1000 г) была выше в многочисленных пометах (13 поросят).
The presented study aimed at application of the PCR methods for the detection and differentiation of goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) in the liver, spleen, and faeces of infected geese and in litter from infected farms. For the improvement of specificity and efficiency of the methods, as well as for overcoming the frequent inhibition of PCR in samples extracted from faeces and litter, the "touchdown" thermal profile with additive of betaine were used. The isolation of the virus in goose embryo fibroblasts was used as a verifying method for GPV and MDPV detection. The presence of the cytopathic effect in infected cell cultures allowed for the detection of the both parvoviruses but not for their differentiation. As a result of this study, PCR methods for the fast detection of GPV and MDPV in field samples of visceral organs and faeces of infected geese and in their litter were developed.
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