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Food as complex mixture of proteins, lipids, vitamins, etc. cannot be separated and identified by using in only one method. This article presents a revision on the hyphenated chromatographic techniques and methods used in food analysis and described main application in food science research, and determination of xenobiotics and their metabolites in environmental. Also article discusses applications of “omics” in food analysis (proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics, metabolomis) and new discipline of – foodomics.
In this review, we examine the state-of-the-art technologies (gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) in the well-established area of metabolomics especially as they relate to protozoan parasites.
A reliable and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry analytical method has been developed for the determination of lincomycin in honey samples. After extraction with phosphate buffer by ultrasound, the extracted solution was subjected to the polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge to remove endogenous compounds. The analysis was carried out on a triple-quadropule tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via electrospray interface operated in positive ionisation modes. The procedure was validated in accordance with the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The mean recovery of the analyte was 80%, with the corresponding intra- and inter-day variation less than 10% and 15%, respectively. Decision limits (CCα) and detection capability (CCß) were 5.60 and 6.11 µg kg⁻¹, respectively.
Development and validation of rapid HPLC method for quantifying macrolide antibiotics azithromycin (AZI) and spiramycin (SPI) in bulk and tablet samples is described. Determination was performed on a reversed phase C18 ODB column (250×4.6 nm I.D) at ambient temperature, and employing a UV-detection set at 210 nm. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile –2-methyl-2- propanol–hydrogenphosphate buffer, pH 6.2, with 1.8% triethylamine (32:8: up to 100, v/v/v), delivered at a flow-rate of 1.1 mL min-1. The assay is linear in concentration ranges of: 0.004–4.8 and 0.0003–1.2 mg mL−1 for azithromycin and spiramycin, respectively, with detection limit of 0.02% for SPI and 0.03% for AZI. Recovery experiments revealed recovery of 98.51–100.82%. The applicability of this method in stability assessment studies is evaluated.
A simple and rapid method is described which allows analysis of Carazolol (ß-blocker agent) in tissue of pig by thin layer and liquid chromatography. The method utilizes an octadecyl solid phase column that selectively absorbs this drug and significantly improves sample clean-up procedure. The compound is eluted from the column with acidic acetonitrile. Analysis is performed using TLC for detection and qualitative determination and isocratic reversed-phase LC for confirmation and quantitation. The detection limit was 10 ng g-1 (TLC) and 2 ng g-1 (LC). The recoveries of Carazolol from spiked samples were above 80%. The procedure is suitable for routine residue analysis.
Analytical methods based on gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were developed for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in milk. GC-MS/MS was performed in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode by monitoring the transitions - m/z 466→304, 466→322, and the results were compared with LC-MS/MS, in electrospray mode by monitoring the transitions of all the selected ions m/z 321→152, 321→257. The decision limit (CCα) for CAP determination by LC-MS/MS was established at a level of 0.11 µg/kg, while the corresponding value for GC-MS/MS was 0.083 µg/kg. Detection capability (CCß) for CAP by LC- MS/MS was 0.15µg/kg and for GC-MS/MS was 0.14 µg/kg. As it was found, both methods are useful for CAP determination in milk.
A simple and sensitive method for the determination of ß-agonists in animal tissue and urine using thin layer and liquid chromatography was prepared. The development of the method involves optimization of sample clean-up (solid-phase extraction) and chromatographic separation and detection conditions. The recovery of salbutamol and clenbuterol from tissue and urine samples were above 80% and the limit of detection was 1 ng g-1. The method has been used on a routine scale for residue control in samples from meat-producing animals.
The analytical procedure of thiamine quantification in premixtures and compound feedingstuffs by HPLC method is presented. Thiamine was extracted from feed samples with 0.1M hydrochloric acid at 100°C for 30 min. In the case of compound feedingstuffs, 10% Taka-diastase solution was added to the samples, and then the samples were incubated at 37°C for 17 h. Afterwards, thiamine was oxidised to thiochrom, using 1% alkaline potassium ferricyanide (III). The filtrated solution was analysed by HPLC with isocratic flow of eluent chloroform-methanol 90:10 (v/v). The measurement was done by a fluorescence detector. This method has been applied for the quantification of the total content of thiamine in compound feedingstuffs, as well as added thiamine in the form of hydrochloride or nitrate salt. The limit of the quantification of this method was determined on the level of 1 mg/kg. The coefficient variation of thiamine quantification results in premixţures samples was 3.7%, and in compound feedingstuffs was 5.56%. The Horrat value for premixture samples reached a value of 0.60, whereas in the case of compound feedingstuffs it was 0.63, thus confirming acceptable precision of the procedure. The recovery rate for thiamine added in the form of hydrochloride was 102.3% in premixes and 98.9% in compound feedingstuffs. The recovery rate for thiamine added in the form of nitrate salt to compound feedingstuffs was similar and reached a value equal to 98.7%.
A sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the determination of doxycycline in animal tissues has been prepared and validated. The extraction of the analyte from biological matrix was performed with the solution of oxalic acid and ethyl acetate. The samples were cleaned up by solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using a carboxylic acid cartridge. Chromatographic separation was carried out on the C8 analytical column and the mobile phase consisting of acetonitryle-methanol-0.02 M oxalic acid (20:15:65, v/v/v), with the detection by UV detector at λ = 355 nm. This method has been successfully validated and used for the quantitative determination of doxycycline in animal tissues samples. Recoveries from spiked samples were from 65% to 90%. The decision limits (CCα) were 110 µg/kg and 610 µg/kg for muscles and kidneys, respectively.
The metabolism of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is more complicated than previously expected and understanding the biological phenomena regulated by variety of angiotensin metabolites requires their precise and possibly comprehensive quantitation. Physiological concentrations of angiotensins (Ang) in biological fluids are low, therefore their accurate measurements require very sensitive and specific analytical methods. In this study we developed an accurate and reproducible method of quantitation of angiotensin metabolites through coupling of liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). With this method main angiotensin metabolites (Ang I, II, III, IV, 1-9, 1-7, 1-5) can be reliably measured in organ bath of rat tissues (aorta, renal artery, periaortal adipose tissue) and in medium of cultured endothelial cells (EA.hy926), exposed to Ang I for 15 minutes, in the absence or in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, perindoprilat. Presented LC-ESI-MS method proved to be a quick and reliable solution to comprehensive analysis of angiotensin metabolism in biological samples.
A new type of stationary phase with specific structural properties and different undersurface structure (monomeric and polymeric) for liquid chromatographic separation has been prepared. This phase was applied for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly those, recommended by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). For comparative studies the commonly-used C-18 phase, with monomeric and polymeric structure created on the same batch of silica gel support, was applied. Physico-chemical and chromatographic properties were determined using different instrumental methods (porosimetry, elemental analysis, CP/MAS NMR, liquid chromatography), particularly under hydro-organic conditions.
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