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For targeted drug delivery a variety of protector or carrier systems has been developed. One of the promising approaches uses liposomes, which may be partially directed toward particular types of cells by means of antibodies or other ligands. We have proposed recently a new method for drug targeting based on magnetoliposomes, which are liposomes with subdomain magnetite (Fe3O4) particles with a diameter of ≈10 nm incorporated in their bilayers. Due to their magnetic sensitivity a non-homogeneous magnetic field may be used for the targeting of magnetoliposomes to a given tissue. Because magnetite particles are strong microwave absorbers we have experimentally analyzed the influence of microwave radiation with a frequency of 2.45 GHz on the permeability of phosphatidylcholine magnetoliposomes. We have found for example that microwave radiation with specific absorbed power of 400 mW/g almost completely releases entrapped 6-carboxy-fluorescein in 15 min. The probable underlying mechanism is heating of Fe3O4 particles which leads to a perforation of lipid bilayers and subsequent leakage of entrapped magnetoliposome volume, so microwave radiation may be used for controllable release of drugs at low doses of microwave radiation intensities as compared with conventional microwave hyperthermia used previously by other authors.
By using the lH—NMR method and paramagnetic ions Pr3+, the incorporation into the liposome membrane of a series of biologically active single-chain (TGE-n) and double-chain (DGE-n) quaternary ammonium salts was studied. Corresponding compounds of both groups differed in their alkyl chain-length (n = 8,10,12,14 and 16). Minimal concentration CA of compounds TGE-n and DGE-n which caused total release of Pr3+ ions from the external layer of liposome membrane and the ratio of CA to the 4.5 mM extravesicular concentration of Pr3+ (CPr) used in experiments was determined. Based on the results obtained, one can conclude that the effectiveness of Pr3+ release from liposome membrane is (with n = 12,14 and 16) twice as high for double-chain compounds as for analogous single-chain compounds, and about 2.5 and 5 times higher for DGE-10 and DGE-8 than for TGE-10 and TGE-8, respectively.
Recent advances in liposome technology have resulted in the production of effective drug delivery formulations, although toxicity concerns remain. In order to overcome this problem we prepared anionie liposomes without using any volatile organic solvent or detergent. Liposomes prepared by this heating method (HM-liposomes) were characterised in terms of morphology, stability and DNA incorporation efficiency. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and optical microscopy were used to study the morphological characteristics and size distribution of HM-liposomes. Microscopic studies revealed formation of spherical bilayered structures with stabilities of at least eight months and also enabled measuring the diameter and the bilayer thickness of the vesicles. Plasmid DNA encapsulation efficiencies of up to 70.3% were determined for HM-liposomes.
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