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The protein antigens of BLV were detected in the lysates of bovine lymphocytes stimulated in vitro using the Western blot method. Specific antibodies against BLV were detected in the sera of animals by the ELISA test. Protein bands of the molecular weight 72, 51, 35 and 24 kD were detected by the rabbit antiserum against BLV in the blots from infected lymphocytes and FLK cells. Thе proteins mentioned above were not detected in the lysates of lymphocytes of uninfected animals. Densitometry analysis of immunoblots from FLK cells indicated that a minimal amount of 100 ug of gp51 viral protein can be discovered. The presence of BLV antigens and specific antibodies were detected in 18 of 25 animals. The antibodies were also found in four cows of the remaining seven animals whose lymphocytes were free from BLV proteins.
Regulatory T cells are heterogeneous with sub-populations which differ from each other in their phenotype, immune inhibitory mechanisms and functioning. These cells are responsible for regulation of immune response and play a leading role in developing immune tolerance through active suppression. Suggested functions for regulatory T cells include: prevention of autoimmune diseases by maintaining self-tolerance, oral tolerance and, moreover, suppression of allergy and pathogen-induced immunopathology. CD4⁺ regulatory cells, such as Treg, Tr1 and Th3, are the most comprehensively studied and characterized regulatory lymphocytes; however, in recent years substantial progress has been made in the phenotypic and functional characterization of CD8⁺ regulatory cells. These cells can be divided into two general groups: natural and induced lymphocytes. Natural regulatory cells develop in the thymus, constitute a stable lineage, while their induced counterparts are generated under experimental conditions and may or may not have stable phenotypes. Both types of these cells can be subdivided into several phenotypic groups. The author reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the best-characterized human and murine CD8⁺ regulatory lymphocytes, i.e., CD8⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺, CD8⁺ Foxp3⁺, CD8⁺ CD122+ and CD8⁺ CD28⁻ cells. This paper focuses on aspects concerning the phenotype and phenotypic markers of these cells, as well as their immune inhibitory mechanisms.
Organs in which inflammation goes by different rules through protecting them against damage are called immunologically privileged. These include the central nervous system, the front chamber of the eye (excluding the cornea), the liver, the kernel, the pregnant uterus, hamster cheek pouches and hyaline cartilage. The brain immunological privilege is due to fact that it has no lymphatic vessels and contains a small number of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, while a blood-brain barrier is present. In the brain, there is a long-term graft survival of allo-and xenografts, such as the adrenal medulla tissue or fetal tissue allografts. The anterior chamber of the eye is also an immunologically privileged area, which is often a convenient place for grafts of experimental tumors in animals. Inside the testes tolerance of autoantigens present in the germ cells is attained, which is maintained by the presence of incomplete barriers limiting access to reproductive cell antigens of immune cells and antibodies. In other parts of the body such a response to an antigen is not found, which makes these organs very interesting from the point of view of pathogenesis and immunity.
The characteristics of T lymphocytes’ subpopulations (helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, memory and others) have been described. Among T helper cells one can enumerate Th0, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, TFH and nTh2, while among T cytotoxic cells: Tc and NKT, Tγδ, T CD8αα (IEL). Among regulatory cells there are nTreg, iTreg, TR1, iTR35, together with lymphocytes T with CD8, such as CD8+CD122+, CD8+CD28, CD11c+CD8+, while among memory T cells there are Tcm and Tem. Moreover there are some so called “others” T cells, such as Tn (T αβ CD4+ i T αβ CD8+), T exhausted and T anergic.
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