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Physical activity in promoting health of the elderly

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Ageing, as a physiological process in human ontogenesis, is inevitable. However, it can assume a mild form. What can slow down involutionary processes within the limits of optimal human abilities and biological needs is physical activity. In addition, physical activity seems to be of great importance in the treatment and rehabilitation of various injuries and old-age diseases. The primary objective of the paper is to show the health benefits of physical activity in involutionary processes; that is ageing of individual physiological systems and human motor skills. The work bases on available and current literature on the subject which forwards research in this field and draws on the sources relating to this particular issue. Many extensive studies indicate that physical activity is an essential element of health promotion and gerontological prophylaxis. General improvement of health due to physical activity refers to the improvement of cardiovascular and respiratory functions, prevention of degenerative changes in the spine, prevention of civilisation diseases, mental relaxation, pleasure, satisfaction, socialisation, escape from loneliness, counteracting boredom, everyday monotony, as well as spending much time in a valuable way. Properly selected and health stimulation training can enhance the general physical fitness, through better motor functions. Along with an overall increase in life expectancy, there appears a greater need to develop research on the role of physical activity in the elderly. Physical activity in old age is a precious element of a healthy lifestyle, prevention and therapy in many diseases. It reinforces independence till old age, which is vital in coping with stress.
Background: This study was carried out among undergraduate students at the University of Tuzla (Bosna and Herzegovina) with the objective of examining gender differences in the body mass index (BMI) and the level of Physical Activity (PA) among respondents. Material/Methods: This study was conducted to: determine the body mass index (BMI) and the average weekly number of hours of sport activity in the last six months (PA). A research sample was made of female students (n = 330) in the chronological age of 19.3+1.5 yrs, 60.7%, and of male students (n = 213) in the chronological age of 20.0+1.8 yrs, 39.2%. Results: On average, the students (both female and male) spend 5.60 (5.03) hours on physical activity per week. Female students spend 4.05 (4.32) hours, while male students dedicate 8.11 (5.30) hours to physical activities. It can be concluded that in principle the students practice physical activities and recreation, but still 1/5 of all students are inactive. The obtained results for the BMI show that the majority of students are in the zone of normal values: female – 278 (84.2%); male – 157 (73.7%). Correlations between BMI and PA amount to (R = .214; p < 0.01) and (R2 = .046; p < 0.01). The results of the T-test show a more significant statistical variable of differences between female and male students at the level of p < 0.05. In comparison to female students, male students have 2.35 kg/m2 higher BMI, and they are more active in physical activities for 4.06 hours in comparison to women. Conclusions: The focus should be directed to the education of young people, because they can easily adopt healthy habits that should be maintained for life. These results point out the necessity of an integrated approach to prevention and control of risk factors, particularly among youth.
Introduction. Nutrition is a factor influencing physical and mental fitness. In this study we examine the lifestyle of university students and its impact on nutritional errors. Objective. To evaluate the dietary behaviours of students taking into account gender and nutritional knowledge. Material and methods. Using a QEB questionnaire, we were able to evaluate dietary behaviours and nutritional knowledge of respondents. Our analysis was conducted on data obtained from 456 students. Results. We found that nutritional knowledge for women was 34.7% satisfactory and 34.7% good. In contrast, nutritional knowledge for men varied, amounting to 40.2% satisfactory and 25.1% good. The number of meals and their regular consumption did not depend on gender or the nutritional knowledge of students, however, significant differences were recorded for the types of snacks they eat. A greater number of women than men snacked on sweets and biscuits, nuts and seeds, while in the case of salty snacks an opposite trend was observed. A higher level of nutritional knowledge correlated with the number of students snacking on fruit and vegetables instead of salty snacks. Moreover, it was observed that healthpromoting behaviours such as not adding sugar to beverages and not adding salt to dishes were more common with women and individuals with a higher level of nutritional knowledge. Conclusions. Women more frequently snack on sweets, biscuits, nuts and seeds. More men snack on salty snacks, add sugar to beverages and add salt to dishes. Individuals with insufficient nutritional knowledge more frequently snack on salty snacks rather than fruit. Students with insufficient nutritional knowledge more often commit nutritional errors.
The aim of this study was to investigate the physical activity, the basic parameters of physical development, and eating habits of students from Ukraine. The research method of diagnostic survey using a IPAQ questionnaire  and nutrition questionnaire was carried out in 2013 among 2 125 students, for 60.8% of women and 39.2% men. As a result of studies beneficial indicators of total physical activity were demonstrated, with higher physical activity of persons who have sufficient amount of free time. The level of BMI indicator is in the majority of students at a normal level. The amount and frequency of meals is a sign of positive healthy behaviors. Also the disadvantageous behaviors occur, such as avoidance and loss of control over eating and induction of vomiting for the sake of one’s body.
Background. Changes in the economic and political system that took place in Poland in recent decades had a significant impact on lifestyles of different social groups, especially in youngsters as vulnerable and open to all novelty and changes. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healthy or non-healthy behaviours including physical activity, diet, time devoted for sleeping, leisure, stress and the use of drugs by students of four universities in Wroclaw. Material and Methods. The study involved 604 students (305 women and 299 men) from four universities in Wroclaw: University of Wroclaw - 25.0%, Wroclaw University of Technology - 24.5%, University School of Physical Education (AWF) - 25.2% and Wroclaw Medical University - 25.3%. A questionnaire developed for this study was used. The questions were both open and closed, one or multiple answers could be matched. The questions related to: physical activity, nutrition, time devoted for sleeping, leisure, stress and stimulants. Results. On the basis of the results it was found that students mostly reported an average level of physical activity. The highest level of physical activity was presented by students of the University School of Physical Education and the lowest by students of the University of Wroclaw. Just one in ten students consumed meals on a regular basis, including one in five studying in the AWF. Almost half of the respondents (48.7%) spent 5-7 hours sleeping. Every tenth student slept less than five hours. Most respondents preferred passive forms of recreation, only one in three practiced sports in their spare time (usually students of the AWF). Every fourth student declared smoking, and more than 90% consumed alcohol. Conclusions. Lifestyle of majority of the students surveyed did not follow the recommendations of preventive care. The need for more efficient education of students is obvious, which will lead to the future positive changes in their lifestyle, reducing the risk of lifestyle diseases.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is known as mediator of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. The gene encoding this enzyme is regarded as one of the candidate for risk of developing hypertension. The aim of our study was to investigate whether polymorphism in intron 4 (4a/b) of eNOS gene is associated with hypertension. Gene variants were determined by PCR method among 82 healthy, normotensive and 62 hypertensive individuals. In the group of patients with hypertension as compared to the controls higher frequency of 4a4a+4a4b genotypes (45.2% vs 23.5%) and lower frequency of 4b4b genotype (54.8% vs 76.5%) was observed. The data indicate a significant association between presence of 4a allele of eNOS gene and hypertension in studied population.
Introduction: Eating snacks is common among Poles and it is an important element of everyday diet, especially for the young. Easier to acquire than a regular meal, snacks make it possible to maintain the regularity of eating throughout the day. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to learn about the motivations of Polish society, determining the choice of snacks. Data and methods of analysis: The figures presented in the study come from three sources: 1) research on the eating habits of Poles conducted by Ipsos on a representative sample of Poles, 15-year-old or older, covering the whole Poland. The size of the sample in subsequent years was respectively: in 2009: N = 821, in 2010: N = 824, in 2011: N = 825, in 2012: N = 839. 2) “Needstates” research on consumer needs segments conducted in 2014 on Poles by TNS Poland on the sample of the dairy product consumers among 15 - 75-year-old respondents, and 0 - 14-year old children, covering the whole Poland. The size of the sample was respectively: 15 - 75-year-old consumers: N = 1600, 0-14-year-old children: N = 800. 3) “Omnibus” public opinion poll conducted in 2015 by TNS Poland on a representative sample of Poles, 15-year-old or more, covering the whole Poland. The size of the sample was N = 1000. It was a direct questionnaire survey, conducted at respondents’ homes. Results: Breakfast, lunch and supper are the basic meals for the vast majority of Poles (83 - 90%), but even 1/3 of Poles eats a snack between the above at least once a day. In recent years, we can observe a constant increase in the share of unhealthy kinds of snacks: crisps/ nachos/salty cookies, chocolate, dry smoked pork sausages, frankfurters, instant meals, fast- food snacks or chocolate!hazelnut spread. Meanwhile, there is also a beneficial increase in the consumption of healthy snacks: fresh fruit and vegetables, fruit yogurt eaten with spoon, cream cheese, kefir, buttermilk, hard cheese or blue cheese, which are both tasty and healthy. This allows us to hope that the strategy of increasing the quality and nutritional value of snacks through directing the attention of Poles to proper categories can be more effective than fighting the habit of eating snacks as such, and it can bring about positive results. Conclusions: The analysis of the eating motivations among the consumers of dairy products indicated that the key incentive for eating them is the taste. It is the taste and the pleasure of eating that can be most effective in making the Poles chose healthy snacks, thus lowering the share of the unhealthy snacks. The second important group of motivations is connected with health. The categories that can be most reliable in encouraging the Poles to eat healthy snacks are: fruit and vegetables, dried and processed fruit, cereal products, dairy products (yogurts, cheese cream, milk desserts), various kinds of cheese (quark, hard cheese and other kinds of cheese), cottage cheese.
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Physical activity and health

86%
Health is a condition of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of illness or disability. Health is not something one receives but something one has to work and strive towards. This presupposes active efforts from the individual, the family, and the community. In the chain of causative factors and pathological processes which can lead to illness, disability, and death, there are many links, some known and some unknown. Our resources and means must be applied at that point in the causative chain where the best prospects lie for reducing the incidence of illness, disability, and death. Diseases due lifestyle and environmental factors now dominate our health statistics. Material standards of living and personal philosophy of life bear a close relationship to the origin and development of these diseases. In that respect, regular physical activity is seen as an essential component in a lifestyle which itself is the basis for the health promoting idea. In our review we look into physical activity and its influence on health.
Person centered counselling (na člověka zaměřené poradenství) vychází z principů Rogersovské psychoterapie (empatie, kongruence, bezpodmínečné pozitivní přijetí). Poradenský proces lze definovat jako psychoterapeutický vztah mezi poradcem a klientem Při posuzování byla využita Rogersova sedmistupňová procesová škála. U obézních pacientek došlo v poradenském procesu ke změně prožívání od rigidity, fixovanosti pocitů, prezentaci fakt, nebo neosobních problémů k vlastnímu prožívání, uvědomění si sama sebe, ke komunikaci na pocitové úrovni. Domníváme se, že tento kvalitativní posun v sebeprožívání vytváří nezbytný předpoklad pro postupnou změnu životního stylu.
Background: A common international research area is being created as a result of linked activities of research centres. Aim of the study: To implement an interdisciplinary approach based on the example of a pilot study of lifestyle and identify connections between physical activity levels (PA), health-related behaviours, and the locus of health control among students. Material and methods: The research was carried out using 294 students of human sciences (235 females and 59 males) aged 18-24. A diagnostic survey method was chosen using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Health-Related Behaviour Inventory (HBI) and Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC). Results: Total PA was assessed at 3829.3 MET-min/week. The dominant types of activities were walking (1245 MET-min/week) and moderate PA (1254 MET-min/week). Higher values in intensive and moderate efforts were reported among the male students, while women reported higher values in walking. The general severity index HBI is 72-93 points. There were no significant gender-related differences regarding the general indicator (except for the increased frequency of low health-related behaviours among females). Respondents mostly presented with internal locus of control with influence of others being reported less frequently, and accident locus of control least frequently. The analysis revealed a correlation between the internal placement of MHLC and PA among men (r=0.226, p<0.01) and individual HBI indices among women. Conclusions: Most young people present a sufficient level of PA, desirable HBI, and, to a large extent, the internal locus of MHLC. The participants had a greater sense of responsibility for their own health. Females, when deciding on a lifestyle, are more easily influenced by other people. It is necessary to conduct interdisciplinary group work for comparative research in order to create educational and preventive programs addressing identified lifestyle abnormalities.
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