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Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in the cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and in external secretions of mammals. Although the biological role of human and bovine lactoferrin has been extensively studied, there is still uncertainty as to the nature and function of lactoferrin receptors. We recently determined that methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside given intraperitoneally (i.p.) could suppress the adjuvant activity of LF in the generation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to ovalbumin (OVA). We concluded that the lactoferrin effects in DTH are mediated by carbohydrate-recognizing receptors like the mannose receptor (MR). This study indicates that subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of very small doses of the Man-bovine serum albumin (Man-BSA) complex, together with a sensitizing dose of the antigen, gives the same effects as i.p. administration of methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside. The latter is also a blocker of MR, although of a much lower affinity to the receptor than Man-BSA. The blocking of the adjuvant effect of LF by the Man-BSA complex (when given together with the sensitising dose of antigen) suggests that the function of antigen-presenting cells in the skin (presumably immature dendritic cells expressing MR) is inhibited. The results of our study indicate that a receptor with an affinity for mannose is essential for the mediation of adjuvant lactoferrin function in the generation of DTH.
A human lactoferrin-specific cell line was generated in CBA mice, sensitized with 200 μg HLF in Freund’s complete adjuvant. HLFK1 cells derived from the lymph nodes of these mice were maintained using HLF as the antigen. HLF was added at the beginning of each 14-day restimulation cycle, at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The presentation of the antigen to HLFK1 was demonstrated using glass-adherent lymphocytes from spleens (GAL) as the antigen-presenting cells (APC). The presentation of HLF by GAL was highly efficient; a very low concentration of the antigen (1 μg/ml) was enough to stimulate proliferation of the HLFK1 cell line. HLFK1 did not proliferate in the presence of ovalbumin or bovine lactoferrin (BLF), which is structurally related to HLF. However, we found that BLF caused a reduction in the proliferation of the HLFK1 cell line when BLF was added to the cultures together with the antigen - (HLF). On the other hand, proliferation of the HLFK1 cell line was not inhibited by pretreatment of the antigen-presenting cells or T cells with BLF. Therefore, we suggest that bovine lactoferrin may interfere with the binding or uptake of the antigen (HLF). Alternatively, BLF may nonspecifically inhibit the activation of the HLFK1 cell line.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoregulatory effects of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) in two in vitro models: (1) the secondary humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC); and (2) the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We compared the non-sialylated glycoform of rhLF as expressed by glycoengineered Pichia pastoris with one that was further chemically sialylated. In an earlier study, we showed that sialylated rhLF could reverse methotrexate-induced suppression of the secondary immune response of mouse splenocytes to SRBC, and that the phenomenon is dependent on the interaction of lactoferrin (LF) with sialoadhesin (CD169). We found that the immunorestorative activity of sialylated rhLF is also dependent on its interaction with the CD22 antigen, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by B lymphocytes. We also demonstrated that only sialylated rhLF was able to inhibit the MLR reaction. MLR was inhibited by bovine lactoferrin (bLF), a glycoform that has a more complex glycan structure. Desialylated bLF and lactoferricin, a bLF-derived peptide devoid of carbohydrates, did not express such inhibitory activity. We showed that the interaction of LF with sialic acid receptors is essential for at least some of the immunoregulatory activity of this glycoprotein.
Our previous study showed the efficacy of lactoferrin-monophosphoryl lipid A isolated from Hafnia alvei LPS complex (LF-MPL H.a.) as an adjuvant in stimulation of humoral and cellular immune response in mice to conventional antigens and a lower pyrogenicity of the complex as compared with MPL H.a. alone. In the present investigation we demonstrated that LF-MPL H.a. complex enhanced the immunity of BALB/c mice immunized with Plesiomonas shigelloides CNCTC 138/92 bacterial vaccine, against P. shigelloides infection. The adjuvant effect was evidenced by a significant increase of the antigen-specific serum IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 and elevation of antigen-specific serum IgA concentrations. In addition, application of the adjuvant facilitated better clearance of the bacteria in spleens and livers of infected mice when compared with MPL H.a. alone. These features of the new adjuvant may predispose it for vaccination protocols in humans.
In the present paper we focused on the potential role of human lactoferrin for the intracellular replication rate of T. gondii BK tachyzoites following our earlier observation that Toxoplasma gondii was able to bind human lactoferrin but not serum transferrin. The study was performed in vitro on human CaCo-2 epithelial cells and mouse L929 fibroblasts. We found that the multiplication of the parasite was inhibited by lactoferrin in both cell lines used. However, the direct cytotoxic effect on the parasite and the host cells was not observed. The intracellular growth of T. gondii was not affected when tachyzoites or host cells were only pre-coated with human lactoferrin. The results suggest that lactoferrin does not influence parasites penetration into host cells but could trigger unknown antiparasitic mechanisms in the infected cells.
The study involved the use of Echinapur preparation, containing Echinacea purpurea extract, to promote milk lactoferrin secretion, and – as a result of its antibacterial properties – to reduce inflammatory changes in the goat’s mammary gland. Ten goats with the highest somatic cell count (SCC) of milk were selected from the flock and treated for two weeks with Echinapur. In order to estimate treatment effectiveness, milk was examined for lactoferrin (Lf) concentration, SCC, bacteria counts as colony forming units (CFU) and yield and gross composition of milk, before and at the end of treatment, and then 2 and 4 weeks later. Milk Lf content was determined using the RP-HPLC technique,and milk SCC, CFU and chemical composition were determined instrumentally. Treatment resulted in a transient (P<0.01) decrease of milk protein content below the initial level, compensated by a gradual increase of milk yield (24% over the pre-treatment value). A substantial increase in milk Lf content, with a maximum response (P<0.01) at 2 weeks after the end of treatment, was accompanied by a gradual reduction (P<0.01) in SCC and CFU compared to initial values. This is the first report showing the feasibility of promoting Lf secretion in order to reduce inflammatory changes in the goat mammary gland.
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