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The efficiency of a system based on porous tubes in maintaining soil water potential during water extraction by plants in growth chamber experiment was evaluated. The effect of porous tubes area, soil type and density on water flow through porous tubes as induced by various water potentials was evaluated. The rate of change of soil water potential in response to pressure change depends strongly on the area of ceramic tubes per soil volume. If rapid changes or precise control of soil water potential are needed, the area of ceramic tubes per soil volume should be large. Experiments in which porous tubes are used for maintaining water potential should reach a compromise between plant water demands and permissible disturbance caused by the presence of porous tubes in the soil environment.
A laboratory simulation of acid rain was performed in which soil monoliths from the Wielkopolski National Park area were sprinkled with water solutions of sulphuric acid of pH 3.0 or 2.0, and for reference with distilled water of pH 5.6. The form and amount of the washed out aluminium as well as changes in the chemical properties of the soil studied were determined. The process of aluminium release proved particularly dangerous for acidic or slightly acidic soils which cover a large part of the National Park area.
Until now sandy soils can be considered as one roup having common hydrophysical problems. Therefore, a labo-ratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of bagasse as an amendment to improve hydrophysical properties of sandy soil, through the determination of bulk density, aggregate-size distribution, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pore-space structure and water retention. To fulfil this objective, sandy soils were amended with bagasse at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4% on the dry weight basis. The study results demonstrated that the addition of bagasse to sandy soils in between 3 to 4% on the dry weight basis led to a significant decrease in bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and rapid-drainable pores, and increase in the total porosity, water-holding pores, fine capillary pores, water retained at field capacity, wilting point, and soil available water as compared with the control treatment.
Plant fragments are commonly noticed in a wide range of freshwater environments. However, data on their further growth remain very scarce. The post-fragmentation growth of Elodea canadensis was analysed in a laboratory experiment in which plants were exposed to different light conditions ranging from 3 to 30 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The growth of whole plants (12cm) and fragmented (cut) shoots (apical fragment of 3 cm and middle and lower fragments of 4 and 5 cm respectively) was analysed over 33 days (with measurements of weight and length after 11, 21 and 33 days). In all light treatments both cut and whole plants grew. The growth rates were found to vary greatly over the exposure period. During the first 11 days, whole plants or the fragments thereof exhibited the greatest increases in biomass and length in all light treatments. Following further exposure under no shade and moderate shade, the growth of all plants, although still significant, was visibly more limited. Under conditions of a 90% shade level, 11 days of exposure left both whole and cut plants still alive, but incapable of any further significant increase in length or biomass. Generally, in high light levels cut plants grew more intensively, while in conditions of the most intensive (90%) shade, no differences in growth of these groups of plants were noted or the growth of cut plants was limited to a greater extent. A greater number of new lateral shoots were noted in cut plants than in whole plants. Even in conditions of low light characterized by the poor growth of plant fragments the production of new shoots was still possible. In general, fragments of Elodea canadensis were found to be very efficient at surviving and regenerating under a wide range of light conditions.
In a laboratory experiment, the changes of extracted phosphorus (DEP) in 33 limed and non-limed soils were determined 7 and 30 days after fertilisation with P, as well as DEP and DEPCa indices were evaluated as related to P sorption and to certain soil properties. The concentration of available phosphorus in the soils was measured in 0.03 M CH3COOH extract by the Nowosielski method. The changes of the available P in the soil (DEP) calculated per unit of applied P were expressed as the incline of the curve, presenting the linear dependence between P added and P extracted. The increase of concentration of P by 1 mg per 1 dm3 of the soil (the invers of DEP value) measured after 7 days incubation was obtained after the addition of 3-4 mg P per dm3 and 7-14 mg of P dm-3 of the soil in soils of poor and high sorptivity, respectively. In the present investigations the simple indices of P sorption estimated for one P rate (e.g., PSI200 andPSI1500) were significantly correlated with DEP and DEPCa, being therefore good indices of the prognosis of available phosphorus changes in fertilised soil, and useful in commercial soil tests.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki doświadczeń laboratoryjnych, których celem było określenie długości odcinka przejściowego strumienia, występującego za odskokiem hydraulicznym do przekroju, w którym rozkłady prędkości mają kształt typowy dla przepływu w korycie otwartym. Na długości odcinka przejściowego przepływ charakteryzuje się podwyższoną turbulencją. Eksperymenty były przeprowadzone na dwóch modelach typowego jazu, z płaskim zamknięciem, niecką wypadową i poziomym umocnieniem. Modele zbudowane były w poziomych, prostokątnych korytach. Podczas doświadczeń wykonywano pomiary prędkości w pionach rozmieszczonych w osiowej płaszczyźnie koryta w dolnym stanowisku w różnych odległościach od końca odskoku hydraulicznego. Długość odcinka przejściowego za zatopionym odskokiem hydraulicznym wyniosła w przybliżeniu (5÷7)h, gdzie h jest głębokością wody w dolnym stanowisku.
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