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The Schmallenberg virus (SBV), as a new for Europe Ortobuniaviridae genus member, emerged in Poland in 2012, spreading rapidly across the country. Serological monitoring revealed a continuous increase of seropositivity among farm ruminants; moreover, the virus was detected in the insect vector, i.e. biting midges in different regions. The sylvatic cycle of SBV infections cannot be ruled out due to the detection of SBV antibodies in 24% of free living ruminants. Breeding losses related to SBV infection are difficult to estimate because of the lack of regulations for mandatory notifications. Furthermore specific symptoms associated with congenital malformations in newborns are observed only in a small percentage of intrauterine infections. Due to the current restrictions or bans on the export of animals resulting from SBV infection significant economic losses are recorded. The emergence of a new, never previously detected in Europe arbovirus raises a number of questions about its manner of transmission, vector ecology, the possibility of its spread and prevention as well as control of the diseases.
Basic information, including data about the occurrence and the pathogenesis of Bluetongue (BT), have been presented. These were followed by the main topic of this review, being the characterization of the disease occurrence after August 2006 in Europe. Due to climate change and global warming due to climate change and global warming, from this date on the disease appeared for the first time in areas that include northern Europe. On account of two different virus serotypes there are currently two main ongoing epizootics of BT. One, due to BTV-8, has already spread widely; the other, due to BTV-1, is currently starting to spread northwards. It is stressed in the paper that for the first time the infection of BT spread to the north of the 50th latitude. In these areas, affected by BTV-8 serotype, the main vectors are Culicoides species belonging to the Culicoides obsoletus complex, including Culicoides dewulfi and Culicoides chiopterus. The continuation of the BT epizootic, including winter periods, is explained by the persistence of BTV within surviving adult vectors or in the infected animal - cow or sheep - or additionally, thanks to transplacental transmission from infected cows or sheep to their progeny. A chapter of the paper is devoted to veterinary legislation used in the strategy of disease control. As an essential factor in the control of the disease the use of mass vaccination against sheep and cattle BT is recommended. Possible complications observed in the use of live virus attenuated vaccines are mentioned.
Three species of the subgenus Prokempia of Dasyhelea KIEFFER, 1911 are reported from Poland: D. dampfi KIEFFER, D. flaviventris (GOETGHEBUER), D. luteiventris GOETGHEBUER. The data on their geographic distribution and ecology are summarized.
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, insect-transmitted, viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. 24 serotypes of the virus have so far been recognized. BT virus is currently distributed between latitudes of approximately 500N and 350S but has tended to expand into the northern hemisphere. In the last few years the presence of bluetongue has been confirmed in many countries in the Mediterranean area, including Greece, Spain (Balearic islands, Southern Spain), Italy (Sicily, Sardinia), Portugal and France (Corsica) where conditions seem to favour the endemic persistence of the virus in these areas. However, culicoides midges, responsible for disease transmission, may also be found in other areas of the European Union during the warm season. Recently, the disease has been detected in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and France. By July-August, BT virus had not been reported in these countries, nor had serotype 8 been reported in Europe. Outbreaks of BT serotype 8 are a significant development in the epidemiology of the disease in the Europe.
Further records of Culicoides collected from new localities and regions are presented. C. vidourlensis (Baltic Coasts), C. abchazicus (Ojców National Park, Babia Góra Mts) and C. jurensis (Pieniny and Babia Góra Mts) are for the first time recorded from the country. At present 48 species of the genus are known to occur in Poland.
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