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Clinical practice with small animals often requires the immediate introduction of the patient to short-acting anaesthesia. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the use of midazolam and xylazine as short-acting anaesthesia for dogs. The investigation was carried out on 27 dogs. The general anaesthesia was performed by using a mixture including: atropine 0.05 mg/kg, xylazine 1 mg/kg and midazolam 0.3 mg/kg. The drugs were administered intravenously by using one syringe at a dose dependant on the effects of the operation. Anaesthesia was evaluated testing palpebral reflex, corneal reflex, superficial sensibility and pedal reflex. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, parameters of acid-base balance and blood oxyganation were determined during anaesthesia. Intravenous administration of atropine, xylazine and midazolam at a dose dependant on the effects of the operation induce general anaesthesia lasting about 20 minutes. The anaesthesia was connected with the loss of consciousness and pain sensitivity. This kind of anaesthesia causes transient acid-base balance disturbances and respiratory depression. The method of anaesthesia used in our study provides fast induction and recovery without antagonists. The negative effect on the anaesthetised animals was minimal.
Białowieża National Park (BNP) takes care of free-ranging bison herds, as well as captive bison reserves. Bison, as a non-domestic animal, requires general immobilization for the purposes of diagnostic sample collection, thorough clinical examination, treatment, and preventive interventions. The paper presents the results of 110 successful immobilizations of European bison, performed between 2009 and 2013 in the Bison Breeding Centre of the BNP. Depending on the use of specific drugs and additional substances for premedication, such as xylazine, immobilized animals were divided into three groups. The preparations were administered with specialized pneumatic Dan-Inject applicators. Experience shows that the use of preparations containing etorphine is safe for both the patient and the personnel after the immobilization of the animal. Following a successful shot, the animal is immobilized within 15 minutes. General pharmacological immobilization is necessary for the efficient and safe performance of veterinary and animal husbandry manipulations, such as blood, swab, and tissue biopsy sampling.
The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of xylazine and selected antagonists of α2 -adrenergic receptors on the contractility of the human aneurysmal abdominal aorta compared with the contractility of the abdominal aorta of healthy pigs in vitro. The study was conducted on 34 aneurysmal human abdominal aorta sections and 28 unchanged porcine abdominal aorta sections. The pigs weighed between 50 and 70 kg. The influence of xylazine was investigated. The experiments also examined the impact of xylazine on sections preincubated with α2 -antagonists (BRL 44408, RX 821002, yohimbine). The application of xylazine in the incubation chamber evoked a similar relaxant response in human and porcine material. However, the increasing concentration of the α2 -agonist applied to sections preincubated with α2 -antagonists (BRL 44408, RX 821002) caused their contraction, and this reaction was much stronger in the porcine material. The results demonstrate that after the inhibition of α2 -receptors, xylazine induces contraction due to non-specific α1 -adrenergic receptor activation. The much weaker reaction in the human sections may indicate a reduced number of α1 -adrenergic receptors resulting from their decreased expression and/or the thinning of the smooth muscle layer. The application of yohimbine at a concentration of 10 µM and then of xylazine in the chamber with the porcine material induced a decrease in muscle tonus. This phenomenon is not entirely clear, but it appears that yohimbine at a high concentration behaves like a non-specific α1 -antagonist and causes a relaxant response.
The phrase “balanced anesthesia” refers to the coadministration of several different drugs to produce an “ideal” anesthetic state, which implies adequate hypnosis, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and relief from stress. This technique of general anesthesia is based on the idea that the administration of a mixture of small amounts of several drugs makes it possible to combine their advantages while avoiding their disadvantages. Such a mixture usually consists of inhalant and injectable drugs. Balanced anesthetic techniques for horses aim mainly at maintaining good intraoperative cardiopulmonary function followed by calm and coordinated recovery. This can be achieved only by supplementing inhalational anesthesia with injectable agents so as to reduce the dose of anesthetic gases needed, improve cardiorespiratory functions and facilitate the recovery phase. The following article gives an overview of anesthesia techniques in horses involving inhalation anesthesia in combination with infusion agents.
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