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Soil water content in the surface layer in the area of neighboring fields with different crops was measured with Time Domain Reflectometry and gravimetric methods. The sampling points were situated in the nods of square net of 10 x 10 m, containing the area of 40 x 430 m. Spatial variability of soil water content was analyzed with the use of classical statistics and the theory of random probability (semi-variogram, kriging). Spatial dependence of soil water content for the whole investigated area was stated, although for the separate fields it was noticed or not. The range of soil water content variability changed depending on meteorological conditions and the type of crop.
Paper suggests a new approach to analysis of field experiment results. The outset point are both the analysis of spatial variation and an assumption that the basis of the analysis is a plot and its position in the field. The occurrence of spatial variation can be a prerequisite to the purposefulness of applying more sophisticated methods to data analysis. If given spatial structure of the variation is confirmed, one can expect the application of alternative methods to data analysis will be more efficient than the classical ones. If spatial variation is random then traditional statistical techniques will be sufficiently effective. Tue Smith 's b index of soil variability and the autocorrelogram and semivariogram analyses were applied to evaluation of the soil variability while the Papadakis 's NNA and kriging were used to remove the spatial effects. It was stated that the magniture of b index, simple to measure in present experiment where the blocks were apphed, can point to purposefulness of detailed analysis of the background variation in the experiment and possible gain in experiment effectiveness.
In this paper an attempt was made to apply kriging method for the creation of isoline maps of particulate matter PM10 concentration for Warsaw agglomeration for the following days: 20.02.2005, 21.02.2006, 22.02.2006, either distinguished by the presence of different meteorological conditions. Obtained empirical variograms of PM10 concentration values were of irregular course on account of a low number of measurement points availability (15 monitoring stations of particulate matter concentration). Those irregular courses of empirical variograms caused the arbitrary selection of theoretical functions for their approximation. Applying the arbitrarily selected functions for particulate matter concentration interpolation done by kriging method resulted in creating approximate PM10 concentration isoline maps. It was stressed that obtaining reliable isoline maps of related concentrations would require the availability of a wide range of measurement points.
This study is an assessment of the relation of the spatial variability of Nitraria schoberi Linn. to the soil properties conducted by using geo-statistical analysis. In an area of 140 ha a regular network from a semi-arid region of Meighan Playa in central Iran was selected. The results showed that statistically most of the variables fit spherical, exponential and Gaussian models. The lowest and the highest coefficients of variation were found with the soil pH (27%) and the density (66%) of Nitraria schoberi, respectively. The semi-variogram analysis showed that the effective range fluctuated from 150 m for silt to 2563.43 m for the acidity of the soil. The electronic conductivity and soil texture showed more spatial dependency than the organic matter.
In this paper a Kriging method is reviewed and a way of its application in numerical weather prediction is proposed. The basic principles of the Kriging are shown; the main advantage is its accuracy, but at the same time a disadvantage is its large computational complexity. The construction stage of the variographical model is highlighted, as it is the most important stage and has a significant impact on the accuracy of interpolation. The algorithm for the construction of the variographical model is described. Special attention is paid to averaging an experimental variogram by introducing a special interval, called “lag”. Precisely this issue, according to the authors has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the practical application of Kriging for the interpolation of meteorological parameters. The advantages of averaging an experimental variogram by the administration of lag are presented, and the error that arises in this case is estimated. A theoretical study for the determination of the optimal lag was conducted. The lag proposed for the determination is guided by the criteria of accuracy and the economy of computer time. The twocriteria problem is solved, and the formula, which makes it possible to determine the optimal lag on these criteria, is received. An example shown here is the application of the obtained results for solving the applied task associated with meteorological parameters forecast by the COS MO model.
Wind erosion is an important soil structure forming factor. Concerning mostly light soils covering for the most part of the European Plains, including Central Poland. Wind erosion susceptibility depends mostly on the aggregate and granulometric structure of the soil. The aim of the paper is to use geostatistical methods to map the changeability of the granulometric structure of the soil on the experimental fi eld in the case of its great variability, and description of the soil cultivation methods which minimizes loss of soil caused by wind erosion.
The paper suggests some indicators for the application of spatial methods in field experimentation. The indicators were based on the data from two field-breeding experiments with pea and field bean. Partially balanced square lattice designs were applied. The Smith’s index of soil heterogeneity b, chemical properties of the soil e.g. pH, Mg, P and K contents as well as data obtained from check plots sown with a single variety were used to evaluate spatial variation across the experiments. The Smith’s index of soil variability b showed a potential as a convenient tool to assess the purposefulness of background variation analysis by applying spatial methods. When b<0.6 one can expect a significantly increased efficiency of the experiment. Therefore the application of the nearest neighbour analysis or kriging to the data obtained from a net of check plots can produce the concomitant variable which can reduce the experimental error effectively.
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