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The authors discuss the history of tunneling - from the antiquity, through the largest international rail and vehicle projects, to the benefits of tunnels and advances in tunneling technology.
The article treats, amongst others, about tunnels in Poland, tunneling industry in the construction of underground rail system, environmental implications of tunneling and tunnel safety.
Aura
|
1994
|
nr 09
8-9
An increase in prices of public transport fees in Poland outpaces the inflation rate considerably. That is why the number of train and bus passengers dwindles, while more cars ply on the roads. It is commonly believed that subsidies for public transport are high and they will have to increase. The author argues that subsidies for individual motor transport are actually higher than those for public transport. Thus, in his opinion, dwelling on public transport costs only should stop and instead an evaluation should be made of costs involved in individual motor transport.
Aura
|
2004
|
nr 08
10-11
The author deals with the issues of planning and financing long road and rail tunnels, boring methods by means of explosives and TBM/TBE machines. He also talks about the issues of geodesic measurements during the tunnel planning and construction.
Researches on the content of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd in some medicinal plants have been carried out on the area of Medicinal Plants Garden of the Medicinal Academy in Wrocław, situated along a busy traffic road in the years 1990-1992. Four species have been tested on the lavel of contamination caused by exhaust gases at varied distances from the traffic road. The species were: Sambucus nigra L., Digitalis purpurea L., Taraxacum officinalis L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. Flowers and leaves were submitted to examination and an absorption spectrophotometry (AAS-1) was used to determine the level of contamination. The greatest amounts of heavy metals have been found in plants growing closest to the traffic road and the number of cumulated elements depended of the species and the anatomical parts thereof. The most contaminated by Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were the plants of Digitalis purpurea L. The flowers of Sambucus nigra L. contained markedly more heavy metals than their fruits. The level of Cu and Cd was in the majority of plants tested within the natural background whereas the amount of Zn and Pb were considerably higher, thus eliminating the harvesting of medicinal herbs along traffic roads.
Most skiing areas are not only for visitors who stay for some time but also for day or weekend tourists, so proper management of tourist traffic is essential. Individual transport, first of all, should be handled so that it does not interfere with public transport. If attempts to make travelling by public transport more comfortable are successful, then this means of transport will be more attractive and individual transport can be abandoned. Using the Swiss experience, the author gives examples of specific solutions.
Selection of sites for new transport routes involves irreversible changes in the natural-cultural landscape. That is why investors and designers should ensure optimal solutions for vehicle traffic and for protecting and sustaining wildlife. To maintain the environmental balance, the richness of hunting grounds and wildlife areas, transport routes should be designed so as not to impair biotypes or environmentally significant areas. The author presents guidelines for planning and design stages.
Stan komunikacji tramwajowej wg danych z 2004 roku: ogólna charakterystyka, rodzaje, typy i struktura wieku eksploatowanych tramwajów. Perspektywy rozwoju komunikacji tramwajowej: rozwój komunikacji tramwajowej w warunkach rozwijającej się motoryzacji, przewidywana modernizacja tramwajów, wymagania dotyczące nowych tramwajów, potrzeby zakupu nowego taboru.
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