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In the study the present state of professional improvement of personnel employed in agricultural advisory centres was estimated, with regard to needs resulting from new social and economic conditions. Local advisory experts suggested the following structure of needs in the range of the content of pofessional improvement: 1. methodology of agricultural advisory activities (20% of the content); 2. technology of agricultural production (20% of the content); 3. economics, organization and marketing (35% of the content); 4. environmental protection and ecological food production (10% of the content); 5. non-agricultural directions of the country people activities (15% of the content). It is necessary to replace traditional methods of improvement with activating methods which enable securing improvement of such advisory skills as: competence for communication, listening, formulating recommendations and so on. Accomplishment of the composite system of professional improvement demands preparing adequate number of lecturers, especially in the range of advisory methodics. The whole of agricultural advisory centres in the sphere of their staff professional improvement should be estimated to be favourable. However, hitherto undertaken educational enterprises insufficiently accomplished the task of incresing methodological competence. Therefore, the chief element of advisory staff improvement which should be reformed is methodology of developing practical skills of the agricultural advisory personnel.
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The study includes specification of problems submitted by farmers to be solved by agricultural advisory personnel, list of the spheres of knowledge and practical skills necessary in accomplishment of realizing the agricultural advisory experts’ professional functions, as well as four empirical qualifying models: models of local expert and institutional experts in the range of agrotechnology, zootechnology, economics and agricultural education. In the qualifying empirical model of agricultural advisory local experts in the group of very extensive scale of use there are economical subjects, first of all marketing in agriculture and basic technical subjects (agrotechnology and zootechnology), and other subjects mentioned as useful are: subjects referring to methodological activities in advisory work (informatics and agricultural advisory science), environmental protection, farm implements and gardening, branches of knowledge connected with non-agricultural activities and select legal issues, as well as several accessory subjects (management and specialization, sociology and cooperative movement, adult teaching methodology and non-agricultural activities in the country). In the qualifying empirical models of agricultural advisory institutional experts the most useful in their work are the spheres of knowledge which are specialization of a direction of employment. Then, institutional experts point at economic science as very favourable, especially marketing in agriculture is the knowledge necessary to every institutional expert. The other spheres of agricultural knowledge are also mentioned, as well as socio-pedagogical knowledge, subjects referring to processing farm products, and organization of agricultural activities beyond the country.
The organizational and instructive model of the system of agricultural advisory staff professional improvement was elaborated with the help of the experiences of agricultural staff professional improvement systems which were worked out and realized in the past, with the referrence to similar systems functioning in other countries. The main task of the planned professional improvement system is to enable all the state agricultural advisors to participate in organized forms of professional improvement which generally complete and increase professional competence, and prepare advisors to efficient performance of their duties. The system secures for agricultural advisory centres staff: - adaptation of general professional competence of persons who begin working in advisory service to the particular requirements of the advisor’s profession; - systematic and full renovation of information and professional skills in connexion with scientific, technological and organizational progress and changing needs of agricultural circle; - attaining the professional mastery in the range of advisory work; - exchange of achievements and professional experiences between particular persons - personnel of agricultural advisory centres; - development of affirmative motivation to improve conditions of work and to increase professional competence. Organization of professional improvement system will contribute to personification of the model of a qualified agricultural advisor, who would be able to participate in solving the farmers’ and rural circles’ problems. Development of agricultural advisors’ competence including knowledge, skills and attitudes will enable them to achieve mastery in the profession. The object of proposed system is to equalize the level of professional competence of agricultural advisors. The new system should include organizational differentiation of agricultural advisory centres and various advisory needs of the rural people in different regions of Poland in a reckoning.
Places of work of agricultural advisory experts are changing, simultaneously with changes in the purpose of the activities and equipment of a workshop. The characteristics of a local advisory expert’s place of work were based on questionnaires, filled in in 1993 by 199 advisors from 9 provinces, drawn by lot. The investigated group of advisors carries on their activities mainly as individual advisory services. This form of advice is preferred by 80% of respondents. In the structure of working time individual pieces of advice make 45% of total working time. The advisors themselves determine the choice of forms and methods. 137 respondents (68%) claimed that they are fully independent in choosing the advisory methods. The rest of investigated experts sought their superiors’ opinion. The decided majority of local experts qualified the aim of their place of work in the way that clearly showed accurate perception of their own part in the process of adaptation family farms to the conditions of market economy. Extensive field and too many farms that are within the range of advisory local experts’ activities is the reason why only a part of farms is served with direct experts’ custody. The majority of country population is not within the direct influence of advisory services. Shortage of advisory experts’ working place equipment cause incomplete utilization of advisory activity possibilities out of town.
The object of the study was to get to know professional functions, working conditions, methods and forms of agricultural advisory experts working in agricultural advisory centres in north-east and centre-east regions of Poland. The study was performed with a help of diagnostic sounding method and questionnaires of interview were used. The study included 283 local agricultural advisory experts. The investigated advisors consider their advisory function to be the most important, and the main task being carried on is to adapt family farms to the conditions of market economy. The principal factor which limits the advisory efficiency is insufficient organization of advisory experts’ work. In respect of frequency of using, the individual advisory services is the most often activity. The total method was not adopted permanently in conditions of the researched regions.
The aim of the work was finding didactic contents which should be the subject of the system of improving qualifications of the female specialists of the rural household. The job of the female specialists of the rural household, like that of the whole advisory staff of the Agricultural Advisory Centres, is done in similar conditions. However, it shows fundamental differences in the contents of the fulfilled tasks. That is why the social-professional characteristics of the female advisory specialists and their activity together with factors influencing their job have been drawn. The research was conducted in 1993. It concerned 102 female specialists of the rural household working in nine chosen Agricultural Advisory Centres. As a result of the conducted research it has been found that only 27% respondents had university degree, while the rest 73% - secondary education. The female specialists submitted the following main tasks: rational nutrition of the family, aesthetic setting of the farm, creating additional sources of income and the production of healthy food. All respondents confirmed the necessity of improving qualifications in many branches of science. These branches should show wholistic approach to problems which wait to be solved by women living in the country. The authors suggested didactic contents which should be included in the projected system of the improving qualifications of the advisory staff.
Uczelnie powinny wzmocnić swą pozycję na rynku instytucji oferujących usługi z zakresu przygotowania kadr dla potrzeb rynku pracy (w tym wdrażania budżetu zadaniowego). Celem artykułu jest próba zaprezentowania potencjału uczelni w kształceniu kadr z zakresu budżetu zadaniowego oraz wskazanie barier w realizacji tego przedsięwzięcia.
During the period of reorganization of agricultural advisory system in 1991, the advisory staff were verified and advisory system was collectivized through forming collective councils of advisory service. As the result of the verification, the number of advisory staff decreased by more than 40%. In the structure of employment of advisory staff 2.6% are the managing personnel, 24.8% are institutional (trade) experts and 72.6% are local advisors. Women make 51.2% of the employed advisory staff. The structure of education of advisory personnel has improved consideably, as 63.3% of the staff employed in agricultural advisory centres have university education. There are particularly many university educated workers amongst institutional experts (87.1%), while amongst the country household experts there are only 31.3% of university educated workers. The local advisory personnel clearly emphasize that the main aim of their work out of town is to modernize family farms and to adapt them to the conditions of market economy (78.4% of answers). Institutional experts main purpose are the activities which tend to improvement of farmers’ efficiency of farming. Local advisory staff spend 70% of their working time to carry on their activities - 45% of time is spent on individual advisory services and 25% of the time is spent on group and collective advisory services. There is a need to increase the range and efficiency of the group and collective advisory activities.
Marketing management has universal character, it concerns various branches of economic life. In agriculture and food economy its influence is a little more difficult to be exerted, because of the specificity of the agricultural production. It has a mass nature - the individual producer has no influence on demand. The group marketing activity is not well developed among the farmers’ society. Research presented in this work was conducted in 1993 among local specialists of 9 Agricultural Advisory Centres. They were supposed to estimate in a questionnaire the usefulness of knowledge and skills in the advisory job from 0 points (unuseful) to 10 points (most useful). The results of the conducted research confirmed the proposition that active marketing education of the rural population may be a factor stimulating political transformation, thus making possible the multifunctional economic development on rural areas.
The object of the study were the social and professional characteristics of local experts working in advisory centres in north-east and centre-east regions of Poland. The method of diagnostic sounding was used, employing questionnaires of interview. The study included 283 local experts of agricultural advice. The age structure of respondents were favourable, as more than 80% of them were up to 50 year old. Amongst the advisors there were 34.7% of women in north-east region and 50.4% of women in centre-east region. The decided majority of advisors were of peasants origin. In both regions university educated advisors made more than 50% of the investigated, correspondingly 60.7% and 60.9%. Advisors had also considerable practical experience-about 60% of them had been doing their work for more than 10 years.
The objective of the work is to get to know conditions of work out of town as well as types of women who get in touch with country household experts. 102 experts were examined, the study was performed in 1993. The findings show that respondents work in very hard and unfa vourable conditions: too extensive field of activity, communication problems and no cars on experts’ disposal, places of work that are not equipped enough and shortage of financial means to carry on disseminative and advisory activities.
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