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Only 9 (11.2%) out of 80 studied bacterial strains were able to utilize iron saturated 2-oxo acids and hydroxyacids and grow on o-phenantroline containing media. These strains belonged to Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium species and were isolated from clinical material. Iron sources utilized by all of these strains were Fe(III) complexes with pyruvic, 2-oxobutyric, 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric, 2-oxo-3-methylva!eric, 2-oxoisocaproic and 2-oxoadipic acids. None of the nine strains released 2-oxoacids to environment during growth in iron excess Fe⁺ medium and iron deficient - Fe⁻ (Chelex) medium. In Fe⁻ (phenantroline) medium, when the growth was strongly inhibited, only pyruvic acid was released. Iron uptake from ⁵⁹Fe(III)-pyruvate was depended on iron deficiency during growth: cells harvested from Fe⁻ (phenantroline) medium have acquired the most amount of iron. 2,4-Dinitrofenol was a strong inhibitor of ⁵⁹Fe(III) iron uptake. Release of pyruvic acid is not subject to negative derepression and does not require the presense of iron as its inductor. It appears in the environment as a response to growth inhibiting stress caused by the iron deficiency but contrary to siderophores are not specially synthesized for iron assimilation. Therefore, it is only primary metabolism products released by damaged, but metabolic active cells.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the Fe, Zn and Cu concentration changes in the course of endotoxin tolerance in horses. The study involved 8 clinically healthy mares subjected to 4 iv. injections with 0.1 μg/kg b.w. of LPS from E.coli - three times at 24 hour intervals (LPS-1, LPS-2, LPS-3) and one injection a week after the last injection (LPS-4). Rectal temperature measurements and blood sampling for testing were performed before each LPS administration as well as 1h, 2h, 3h, 5h and 7h thereafter. It has been found that administration of a relatively small dose of endotoxin produced not only a rise in body temperature but also a significant decrease in Fe and Zn concentration in serum. Subsequent injections (LPS-2 and LPS-3) did not result in significant changes of concentration of these elements, which suggests that endotoxin tolerance mechanisms had been switched on. It has been demonstrated that this process does not last longer than one week because LPS-4 administration resulted in renewed decrease of Fe and Zn concentrations. However, no significant influence of endotoxin injection on Cu content in serum was found.
The objective of this study was to investigate the serum concentrations of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and copper/zinc ratio in Downer cows. The study was performed on 20 recumbent Downer cows and 20 healthy cows. The serum concentrations of iron (P=0.002) and copper (P=0.035) were lower in Downer cows compared with the healthy cows. Serum zinc concentrations, although not significantly (P=0.162), were also lower in Downer cows compared with the healthy cows. Cows with Downer syndrome had greater concentrations of serum AST (P<0.001), LDH (P=0.003), and CK (P<0.001). Other biochemical parameters remained unchanged. RBC (P=0.026), Hb (P=0.029), and MCV (P<0.001) in cows with Downer syndrome had lower values compared with those of healthy ones. However, WBC in cows with Downer syndrome had greater values (P<0.00l) compared with those of healthy ones. Other haematological parameters remained similar between Downer cows and healthy cows. It was concluded that serum iron and copper concentrations may play an important role for the aetiology and/or pathogenesis of Downer cows. These elements may be supplemented for the prevention and therapy of recumbency in cows.
In order to investigate the effect of zinc, iron and manganese fertilization on Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in the stem and leaves and on the chlorophyll content in leaves of soybean at different reproductive growth stages, two experiments were conducted on a research field of the Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, Iran, during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The experimental design consisted of a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block method with three replicates. The treatments included three levels of Zn (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1), Fe (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1), and Mn (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1), all applied to soil. At 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS), the SPAD readings were done on five leaves from each experimental plot for all replicates. Five plants were randomly selected from each plot at the flowering, pod setting, seed filling and maturity stages. Samples washed with distilled water were dried, weighed and incinerated at 550°C. Finally, the Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results indicated that zinc application had significantly affected Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in soybean stems at all the sampling times except for the soybean stem Mn concentration at the maturity stage. In contrast, the concentration of Mn at seed filling was unaffected by iron fertilization. Also, the maximum Fe concentration in soybean stems resulting from zinc application was achieved in Zn20 treatment. The highest Zn and Mn concentrations in leaves were recorded when iron was applied in smaller amounts. Furthermore, zinc, iron and manganese applications had significant effects on the leaf chlorophyll concentration during all the growth stages of soybean plants. In addition, increased iron and manganese fertilization raised the soybean leaf chlorophyll concentrations in all the samples. The maximum chlorophyll concentration in soybean leaves at 60 DAS was recorded in Zn20Fe50, Zn20Mn40 and Fe50Mn40 treatments (34.7, 34.0 and 35.2, respectively).
The aim of this work was to analyze the concentrations of select elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in the water, muscle tissue, and gills of perch sampled in autumn from Lake Gopło in NW Poland. The correlations between the fish size (body length) and metal concentrations in the tissues were investigated by linear regression analysis. In addition, the bioaccumulation coefficient, as a measure of accumulation intensity of an element in an organ, was analyzed. The mean content of K, Mg, and Zn in the analyzed perch was higher in the muscle (18.90, 1.53, and 52.92, mg‧kg⁻¹) than in gills (8.88, 1.30, and 44.99 mg‧kg⁻¹), and the difference between these values (except for Zn) was statistically significant (p≤0.05). The analyses of the correlation between metal concentration in the meat and the body length of fish show that the bioaccumulation of Na, K, Mg, and Zn decreases as fish body length increases (negative correlation). The evaluation of the chemical pollution of Lake Gopło concentrations was based on the following ions (N-NO₃, N-NO₂, and P-PO₄) and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn). The concentrations of nitrite nitrogen in the waters of Lake Gopło range from 0.012 (in September) to 0.057 mg N-NO₂ dm⁻³ (in November). The concentration of nitrate nitrogen ranges from 0.09 to 1.888 mgN-NO₃ dm⁻³. The concentration of orthophosphate in surface waters of Lake Gopło is not very diverse (0.17-0.2 mg PO₄⁻³ dm⁻³).
Ferric iron reductases activities have been occurred in 91% of investigated enterococci strains. Maximum activity occurred with coenzyme NADH as the reductant and the presence of cofactor FMN was necessary. Mg(II) ions has not stimulated reductases activity. Treatment of cells with proteolytic enzymes had not effect on iron reduction. The whole cells and cell fraction - cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm showed Fe(III) - reducing activity. The highest specific activity was associated with cytoplasm. The activity in cytoplasmic membrane was not related to iron concentration in the growth medium. In cytoplasm the activity was stimulated after growth in low-iron medium. Ferric iron reductases of enterococci characterized the broad substrate specificity. The iron in form of ferric ammonium citrate, lactoferrin and ferrioxamine B were the best iron sources for enterococcal ferric iron reductases.
The content of magnesium in the blood serum or hair was determined in 88 patients using atomic spectrometry, and the content of magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, phosphorus in the blood serum and magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, zinc, copper, iron, lithium, lead in their hair of 300 patients. When a considerable magnesium deficiency was revealed in blood serum and hair in 28 mentally handicapped males with increased aggression, restlessness, psychomotor excitation and coexisting epilepsia, a 1-month supplementation was administered, which resulted in a considerable improvement in the social functioning in 17 patients. The remaining 11 patients who did not show improvement after the first supplementation, were given the second 2-month supplementation, which resulted in the expected considerable improvement.
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